第1章21世纪的供应链

第一篇：第1章21世纪的供应链

21世纪的供应链管理

20世纪90年代，对于多数企业而言，产品经过加工后，通过仓库配送到消费者手中的平均时间是15~30天，有时候甚至更长，从订货到发货的过程通常包括：通过电话、传真、电子数据交换或者公共邮件下达和传送订单，是用手工操作或电脑系统，运用信用授权和将订单分配给仓库的方法进行订单处理。最后，将产品送到客户手中，当一切都按计划进行时，客户收到订购产品的平均时间仍让较长。然而，一旦出现如缺货、订单丢失、订单出错或发货地址不正确问题时，所需的总时间会更长。在实际运作中，这些情况屡见不鲜。

为了解决从订到发货时间过长的问题，并且为了预防突发事件，企业通常采取的方法是增加库存。列如，零售商、批发商和制造商都持有同一种商品的库存，然而即使拥有大量的库存，由于产品差异大，缺货或延迟交货的现象仍让很常见。

20世纪广为使用的商业管列以及实现配送的分销渠道，都是从工业革命时代起经过多年的经验累积而来。这些长期保留下来的商业惯列在现阶段仍然存在，并且没有发生多大改变，这是因为没有更好、更明确的方法代替它们，传统分销过程的目的在于战胜危机，获得利益，然而这些早已变的不在重要，因为供给不足已经不在的工业时代的特点。消费者购买力不断增强，同时，他们对产品的种类和服务类的需求日益增加。事实上，现在消费者们更希望从大量的商品和资源中挑选出满足自己独特需求的那些产品。消费者们不在被动接受产品。相反，他们积极地参与到了产品或服务的设计和配送过程中。随着运输能力不断增加，运输过程的可靠性有了显著提高，借助于精密和尖端的信息系统，现代运输能够实现更准确、预测精度更高的配送。

信息技术的快速发展给社会带来了翻天覆地的变化。20世纪90年代，计算机的普及、互联网的发展和大量廉价信息的快速传递给全球商业带来了极大的影响。信息的特点是快速、准确、容易获取、并且绝大多数与信息相关的事物都变成了准则。互联网逐渐成为了一种实现企业与企业之间的交易(B2B)的常见而又省钱的方式。在这些推动力的驱使下全球经济快速诞生了。

历史学家们认为20世纪的最后10年的信息或数字时代的启蒙阶段，同时，数字时代将继续在21世纪呈现持续发展的趋势。在信息时代。商业之间彼此互通的本质使一种新型合作关系应运而生。及供应链管理。管理者们不断改进传统的营销、生产制造、采购和天津物流公司惯例。企业采取了供应链管理这种新型的合作关系之后，能够根据需求准确生产出产品，并快速配送到全球各地的消费者手中，天津物流系统可以确保实现产品的准时配送。消费者订购产品和产品分类配送能在短短几个小时内完成，以往服务中常常出现的错误越来越少，取而代之的是零缺陷的管理承诺或者是通常所说的六西格玛管理。完美订单，即按照所需的产品种类和质量要求，准时无误的将产品配送到指定地点。并保证发货单的正确，产品没有损坏，这种情况在过去非常少见，而现在成为了情理之中的事情，或许这源于一个不可忽视的事实，即现在能用比过去低是多的总成本和较少的财务资源实现上述这种高水平的服务，最重要的是，所有这些商业结构和战略上的根本性改变，全部都是来源于信息技术的不断发展。

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第二篇：红岩第21章读后感1

红岩》读后感近期我们学校开展了红色经典读书活动，我早就听妈妈说过江姐，看了《红岩》后更是深受感动。该书讲述了一群革命工作者艰苦的地下工作，通过描写许云峰带领工人革命、成岗办《挺进报》，还有江姐、双枪老太婆、刘思扬等众多革命英雄，展现了当年共产党革命人民的艰苦斗争生活;讴歌了在叛徒的告密之下，许云峰、江姐、成岗等共产党人被捕后，面对敌人的严刑拷打、威胁利诱毫不动摇，坚决保守党的秘密的高尚情操。书中的很多画面都让我深切感受到，我们如今的幸福生活是靠当年无数位战士用鲜血换来的。

书中江姐是我印象最深的人物，她面对敌人的折磨，手指都被特务用粗长的竹签钉入指甲缝间，但是她非常勇敢，绝不透露一点党的秘密，致使猩猩这些坏蛋毫无办法。而我呢，总觉得自己是一个小女孩，平时很娇气，手上有一个小刮痕都要妈妈贴一个创可贴，遇到挫折和不如意的事总是动不动就哭，享受幸福的生活觉得是理所当然的。书中江姐十指滴血的形象震撼了我，令我羞愧。我从小学习钢琴，本来父母只是希望培养我的一个爱好，让我自己选择学习的，但是我很喜欢学琴却怕练琴，多练一下就嫌太累，手很疼，缺乏坚忍不拔的毅力;学习上也是，遇到点困难就想寻求帮助。

妈妈说我还小，对这本书理解还不深，我们这一代需要学习的品质还太多太多。我想，随着我年龄的增长，将来再读这本书，一定会懂得更多的道理，学到更多的优良品质。但我如今明白了，血染红岩，才有了我们今天的幸福生活。我们应该珍惜现在的幸福生活，永远不忘那些伟大的战士，将他们铭记在心!我要以《红岩》中的烈士们为榜样，珍惜幸福生活，努力学习本领，将来成为一个对社会有用的人!

第三篇：高中生物第一章走近细胞1.1从生物圈到细胞学案21教案

从生物圈到细胞

[学习目标]

知识目标：

1、举例说明生命活动建立在细胞基础上

2、举例说明生命系统的结构层次。 能力目标：初步学会分析生物学知识素材 情感目标：认同细胞是最基本的生命系统 [学习难点]

1、生命活动建立在细胞的基础之上。

2、生命系统的结构层次。 [学习重点] 生命系统的结构层次 [知识结构]

课前预习

一、教材助读

1.病毒没有细胞结构，是怎样生活和繁殖的?

2.是不是所有的生物都具有生命系统?请举例说明。

3.右图表示生命系统的结构层次大小关系，请完成 (1)写出图中各数字表示的结构层次名称： ①________，②________，③________， ④________，⑤________，⑥__________。 (2)最基本的生命系统：[①]________。 (3)最大的生命系统：[⑥]__________。 (4)地球上最早的生命形式：______________。

课内探究

☞探究点一 生命活动离不开细胞

问题1 草履虫是单细胞生物还是多细胞生物?它具有生物的哪些特征?

问题2 教材P2实例1说明________________________________________________。 问题3 人类发育的起点是_____________。

问题4 新生儿发育长大是由于细胞发生了哪些变化?

问题5

教

材

P

3实

例

2说

明_________________________________________________________。 问题6 反射弧由哪几部分组成?

问题7教材P3实例3说明________________________________________________________。 问题8

教

材

P

4实

例

4说

明_________________________________________________________。 问题9 综

合

四

个

实

例

可

得

出

的

结

论

是_______________________________________________。 ☞探究点二 生命系统的结构层次

问题10 如果把课本中图1-1的龟换成老虎，描述其生命系统的结构层次?

问题11 如果换成一颗松树，描述其生命系统的结构层次?

问题12 如果换成一只草履虫，描述其生命系统的结构层次?

问题13 细胞是最基本的生命系统，请说出你的理由。

[反馈评价]

一、选择题

1、关于细胞与生命活动关系叙述错误的是

( ) A、草履虫的生命活动离不开细胞

B、病毒不具细胞结构，所以它的生命活动与细胞无关 C、细胞是生物体结构和功能基本单位

D、多细胞生物依赖高度分化的细胞密切协作，才能完成生命活动

2、下列哪种生物不是由细胞构成的 A、变形虫 B、酵母菌

( )

C、衣藻 D、烟草花叶病毒

( )

3、一定区域内的动物、植物和微生物等全部生物构成 A、一个群落 B、一个种群

C、三个种群

D、一个生态系统

( )

4、下列选项中不属于生命系统的结构层次的是

A、池塘里的一只青蛙

B、青蛙的表皮细胞 D、一个池塘 C、表皮细胞中的水和蛋白质

5、生物兴趣小组的同学们要调查一个池塘中青蛙近几年的个体数量变化情况。他们研究的是生命系统的 ( ) A、个体水平

B、种群水平

C、群落水平

D、生态水平

( )

6、下列实例中，属于生物群落的是 A、海洋中的全部鱼

B、一片草地里的跳蝻和蝗虫

C、一棵枯树和其上的苔藓、真菌、昆虫、蜗牛等 D、一个池塘的藻类、细菌、蚌、水生昆虫等全部生物

7、人的结构按由小到大的结构层次是

A、细胞、系统、组织、器官 C、系统、器官、组织、细胞

( )

B、细胞、器官、组织、系统 D、细胞、组织、器官、系统

( )

8、(多选)下列有关叙述正确的有

A、一切生物的生命活动都是在细胞内或在细胞参与下完成的 B、SARS病毒没有细胞结构也能独立完成生命活动

C、除病毒外，一切生物体都是由细胞构成的，细胞是构成有机体的基本单位 D、单细胞生物依靠单个细胞就能完成各种生命活动，多细胞生物依靠各种分化的细胞密切合作，共同完成复杂的生命活动

9、人体胚胎发育是从下列哪项开始的

( ) A、卵巢

B、输卵管

C、子宫

D、受精卵

( )

10、地球上最大的生态系统是

A、生物圈

B、陆地生态系统 D、森林生态系统

( ) C、海洋生态系统

11、(多选)下列关于生物群落的叙述中，正确的是

A、生物群落是由不同的种群形成的 B、生物群落具有垂直结构和水平结构 C、生物群落的生物属于同一个物种

D、生物群落是生活在一定的自然区域内，相互之间具有直接或间接关系的各种生物的总和

12、(多选)下列属于活细胞的是

A、精子

二、填充题

13、某科研小组分离出完整的叶肉细胞，一部分放在适宜条件下培养，能通过光合作用产生淀粉，另一部分搅碎后放在同样的条件下培养，发现没有产生淀粉。

(1)此科研小组研究的内容是生命系统的

(2)此实验的结论是

水平。

。

。 B、酵母菌

( )

C、木纤维

D、胰岛素

(3)生命系统中最大的层次是 ，最小的层次是

14、材料：在一阴湿山洼草丛中，有一堆长满苔藓的腐木，其中聚集着蚂蚁、蜘蛛、老鼠等动物。

请根据材料，从生命系统的结构层次上试分析各自对应于哪个层次。 (1)腐木中的一个腐生细菌

(2)这一阴湿山洼草丛中的所有苔藓

(3)这一阴湿山洼草丛中的苔藓、蚂蚁、蜘蛛、老鼠等生物

15、请就下面的实例，指出所属生命系统中相应的结构层次。 血液 牙齿

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 神经元

水塘中的一群鲫鱼 地球上的所有生物 一棵树

( ) ( ) ( ) 心脏、血管和血液 一座城市

高一生物导学提纲答案

(一)

1-5 B D A C B 6-10 D D ACD D A 11-12 ABD AB 13(1)细胞 (2)细胞是生物体结构和功能的单位 (3)生物圈 细胞 14(1)个体(细胞) (2)群落 (3)群落 15 组织 器官 细胞 种群 群落 个体 系统 生物圈

第四篇：21世纪读写第二册参考翻译

Unit 1

1. When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.

2. Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London. Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals.

3. When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.

4. After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.

5. After his failure in the election campaign, Dr. Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.

6. As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.

7. We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.

8. That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal. Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.

Unit 2

1. Female students constitute the majority of our class. By contrast, their class is made up of males only.

2. American kids can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to do their homework most of the time after school.

3. His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success. He said that he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.

4. He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.

5. The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device must be readjusted.

6. As one of the Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on the traditional Chinese philosophy.

7. To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr. Yang work so hard. He is committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.

8. As time was running out, we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it to the airport in time.

Unit 3

1. When the temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.

2. To ensure that their joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translator.

3. As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside his field of expertise.

4. Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.

5. Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.

6. All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.

7. My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.

8. With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr. Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who have come to China to study Chinese medicine.

Unit 4

1. Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.

2. Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.

3. A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.

4. She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.

5. He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.

6. When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.

7. The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.

8. In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.

Unit 5

1. The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the

money herself.

2. With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.

3. In the first two semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.

4. Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at least a master’s degree, if not a Ph.D. Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.

5. Only if you throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.

6. In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.

7. A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.

8. When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.

第五篇：21世纪大学英语第四册翻译

汉译英短语

1.拄着拐杖lean on a stick

2.一捆脏衣服a bundle of laundry

3.逐一数出count out

4.从来没有对...如此满意过have never been so pleased with..

5.一个难得的人才a real find

6.准备好某物have sth.ready

7.养老院a home for the aged

8.表明了人类的顽强speak of the stubbornness of mankind

9.在超出体力极限的情况下工作work beyond the limits of one’s power

10.最多三个星期three Weeks at the mostlean on a stick

11.(某人)杳无音信

12.为..感到伤心

13.补一件衬衫

14.凹陷的嘴巴和苍白的双唇

15.再一次站起来

16.在..的帮助下

17.在网上聊天

18.落基山脚下一个美丽的小镇

19.一起度过一个星期幸福的时光

20.事先提出离职

21.坚持

22.请几天假

23.帮某人安顿下来

24.修改个人简历

25.乱翻某人的私人用品

26.从一开始

27.一个喜爱玩乐、爱冒险的人

28.干扰他人的生活

29.应邀去某人家中吃饭

30.一大帮佣人

31.将自己淹没在思想的海洋中

32.喜欢巴赫的音乐

33.排满书的书房

34.极力不走调

35.解一道分数题

36.作出惶恐的反映

37.接下去做更复杂的事情

38.惊人的正确程度

39.拍拍我的膝盖以示鼓励

40.匆忙站立起来

41对...有吸引力

42.每个月微薄的积蓄

43.作为重要新闻在全国见报

44.常规奖学金

45.一门心思做某事

46.为某人跑腿

47.抽出时间去做某事nothing is heard of (sb.)mourn formend a shirta sunken mouth and pale lipsstand on one’s feet againwith the help ofchat onlinea beautiful little town in the Rocky Mountains spend a blissful Weeks togethergive notice at workinsist ontake a few days off from workhelp sb. get settledrevamp one’s resumesnoop through sb.’s personal thingsfrom the beginninga fun-loving,adventurous personmess with others’ livesbe invited to dine at sb.’s homean army of servantssubmerge oneself in a sea of thoughtbe fond of Bacha book-lined studytry desperately to stay in tunework out a problem in fractionsreact in panicgo on to something more complicateda surprising degree of accuracygive me a reassuring pat on the kneecome hastily to one’s feet speak tomeagre monthly savingsmake national headlineregular scholarshipset one’s mind on doing sthdo errands for sb.get around to doing sth

48.说服某人做某事talk sb. into doing sth

49.教育某人要乐善好施teach sb. about the gift of giving

50.依次地in turn

51.增加add to

52记者招待会press conference

英译汉

1.在坚强意志的驱动下，他终于完成了他所承担的任务

Driven by a strong will,he eventually fulfilled the task he had undertaken

2.他许诺一到那儿就给我写信，但至今杳无音信

He promised towrite to me as soon as he got there,but nothing has been heard of him so far

3.老板从来没有对任何员工如此满意过，这个年轻人确实是个难得的人才 The boss has never been so pleased with any emplpyee before.The young man is a real find

4.在医生和护士的帮助下，病人再一次站了起来，不久便重新开始工作

With the help of the doctors and nurses,the patient was able to stand on his feet once more and soon resumed working

5.老人那张布满皱纹的脸表明了他一辈子所忍受的苦难

The old man’s wrinkled face spoke of the hardship he had endured in his life

6.当她身体恢复了一些，她就倚在窗口，望着孩子们在草地上玩耍

When she recovered somewhat,she leaned on the Window watching the children play on the lawn

7.他没有通过考试，但这是他自己的过错，他从来就不用功

He failed the test but it was his own fault,he never did any work

8.她告诉我她被一个自称(claim)为银行家儿子的年轻人骗了

She told me she had been deceived by a young man who claimed to be the son of a banker

9.玛丽离开了她的丈夫，因为她再也无法忍受他的残酷无情了

Mary left her husband because she couldn’t stand his cruelty any longer

10.妈妈坚持的一点是，约翰必须做完作业才能看电视

One thing that Mom insisted on was that John finish his homework before watching any Tv programs

11.当比尔过分痴迷于网上聊天时，事情开始变了。他不再是那个初进大学时勤奋学习的学生了

When Bill became overly obsessed with online chatting,things began tochange.No longer was he the hard working student he was when he first came to college

12.我一开始就告诉过你，网上约会与实际在一起生活根本不是一回事

I told you from the beginning that there was a world of difference between online dating and actually living

13.演出结束后，观众们都激动地站了起来，真挚的掌声持续了好几分钟

After the performance,the audience all came excitedly to their feet with genuine applause that lasted for quite a few minutes

14.看见我恐慌的样子，女主持人安慰我说接下去指示我做的肯定是我做得到的 Seeing me in panic,the hostess reassured me taht what I was instructed to do next was something I was definitely capable of

15.整个下午他完全被一道分数题吸引住了，难怪他解出题目时欣喜万分

He was completely absorbed by a fraction problem the whole afternoon.No wonder he was overjoyed when he finally worked the problem out

16.亨利一旦沉浸到自己的思绪当中，就跟聋子差不多。史密斯太太这样评论道 Once Henry is submerged in his own thoughts,he’s virtually deaf. Thus remarked Mrs.Smith

17.你不觉得在我们还不能确定数据的准确性的情况下匆忙下结论是不安全的吗 Don’t you think it’s unsafe to conclude hastily when we are not sure about the accuracy of the statistics

18.她很不自在地在钢琴前坐下，试着弹了一个音符(note)。这是她第一次接触乐器

She sat uneasily in front of the piano and ventured a note .It was her first time to touch a musical instrument

19.我已决定不去面试，因为招聘广告明明白白的说只有大学毕业生才有资格干这份工作

I have decided not to go to the interview because the job advertisement has made it clear that only a college graduate is eligible for the post

20.她让儿子每天练钢琴。看来，她是铁了心要把儿子培养成钢琴家

She makes her son practice the piano every day .It seems that she has set her heart on making a pianist of her son

21.我小的时候喜欢给妈妈跑腿。找回的零钱我可以自己留着

When I was a child ,I enjoyed doing errands for my mother.I could keep the small change

22.他的精彩表演感染了每一个观众，自始至终没有一个人发出一点声音

His excellent performance spoke to every member of the audience.No one made any sound throughout it

23.当我最后终于有时间去医院看他时，已经为时已晚

When I finally got around to visiting him in hospital,it was too late

24.既然他这么倔(stubborn)，我也不打算去说服他考虑我们的建议了

Since he is so stubborn ,I don’t intend to talk him into considering our suggestion either