acca考试各科难度剖析
第一篇:acca考试各科难度剖析
2018年ACCA考试科目难度分析详情
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很多小伙伴都普遍反应ACCA考试很难,其实不是这样的。觉得ACCA考试难只是因为你不懂得考试科目的搭配顺序。下面中公财经小编就给大家详细介绍一下ACCA考试难度分析以及考试科目的出场搭配顺序吧。
ACCA包含14个科目,难度设置遵循由低到高的顺序,开头科目的内容为后面科目的学习打基础。总体来说,ACCA考试的科目难度可以分为4个等级。
第一等级:F1,F2,F3 这三个科目的内容在ACCA所有科目中属于最基础也是新手最容易入门的。需要掌握的内容不多,都是会计学的基础。也正是因为这样,会计学本专业学生在完成第二年课程后可以免试这三科。
第二等级:F4,F5,F6,F7,F9,P1 这几门相对前三门难度有所提高,但整体通过难度还是较低。F4法律内容较多,需要背诵,但总体不难。F5是F2的进阶版,只要F2学的好,通过F5也不在话下。F6关于税法,考试时以计算题为主,也正是因为计算题量大,对于中国考生来说,难度并不高。F9和P1相似,以文字内容为主,想要通过考试需要动用记忆能力,总体难度一般。这几门中相对较难的是F7,内容涉及到财务报表的编制,为P2的学习打基础。想要编平报表,需要大量练习历年真题。
第三等级:F8,P3,P7 这三门之所以难度较高,原因在于大量的主观论述题。不少考生表示考到这几科才发现ACCA不是一门会计考试,更像是英语作文考试。这几门难就难在需要站在一定高度去分析问题。在F8阶段,需要了解具体的审计程序,而到了P7,则需要从事务所合伙人的角度来思考问题。考到这一等级,ACCA考试对于思维方式的养成初见成效,之前熟悉的备考应试方法显得捉襟见肘,考生唯有自己学会分析问题的方法,并用自己的语言阐述出来。
第四等级:P2,P4,P5,P6 这几科之所以难,难在全为文字大题,光题目都有好几页。不少同学表示光是读懂题目都已经非常有挑战性。但好在P4,P5,P6,P7四科是可以4选2报考的,考生可以根据自己对科目的掌握程度,选择自己最容易通过的科目报考。到这一阶段,考查的能力也是最多的,不仅需要记忆,理解相应的知识点,还需要用自己的语言表达观点。但即便这样,经常也会有大神表示P5非常简单,其原因还是自己充分理解了考试内容和分析问题的方法。
ACCA的14门科目,看起来很多,但只要掌握了复习节奏,通常每个考季通过2到3门是问题不大的。而在后期几门课,只要考前投入相应的时间复习,在最后通过考试也是问题不大的。
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第二篇:如何选择证券从业资格考试五个科目?各科考试难度如何?
1 如果你是准备从事证券业,那么基础+交易是基本也是最重要的选择,因为目前这个情况,证券公司需求最大的就是这个,也可以说就需要这两个,难度的话,基础基本正常人都能过,交易有很多繁琐的数字记忆,需要下功夫,特别提一下代办股份转让这一块虽然内容少,确是难点和必考内容之一也是大家容易忽略地方。
2 分析 如果你准备进证券公司做投资咨询,这个必考,对于各种技术分析的流派和方法要分类归纳记清掌握,还有一些财务指标的应用,关键是理解记忆,这个除了财务指标那里有些容易混淆的概念,各种技术方法应该不难掌握的
3 基金,这个与分析内容有100多页的内容是大体一致的,如果同时考这两门,可以节省时间,关键是对于各种基金的类型,特点,发行的流程,要区别掌握,这个很容易混淆,大家要细心,这个是从事基金销售的必须
4 承销 这个是难度最大的,重点关注股票债券的发行流程,注意事项,还有港股的,剩下200页可以不怎么看,大体了解下就可以,考的不是很多,也就几分,关键是前300页的内容,很繁琐,不过没办法,这个的确有难度。
5 关于方法,看书,记忆,做题,看书,没什么捷径,记住了,你就能过,不出力,没办法。碰运气,有,不过你得有时间和金钱。
第三篇:关于ACCA考试
近些天来,随着又一次ACCA报考的高潮,有些朋友一直问相同的问题: 像我这样的能考ACCA吗?考了会有用吗?ACCA真的很难考吗?我不知道应该先报考CICPA还是直接考ACCA?考了以后真的像报纸上说的,年薪40万吗?如此等等。
To be or not to be?It is a question. 是哈姆雷特中的一句台词,意味着如何在人生中做出决择。我想借用这个题目,回答一些大家比较关心的问题,帮助大家在报考ACCA时做出适当的选择。希望是抛砖引玉,大家一起多多探讨。
(一)考ACCA有用吗?yes or no?首先看看,ACCA的适用性。ACCA是目前全球最大的会计师组织,有10万会员和20多万学员,分布在全球160个国家。ACCA除了英国以外,主要是在英联邦国家得到承认。在中国,ACCA从九十年代初进中国以来,公众认可度也是越来越高。主要在欧美背景的外企、外资会计事务所、在海外上市的企业受到了广泛的认可。当然,由于一般ACCA薪资水平较高,加上所学习的会计制度与国内的不尽相同等方面的原因,ACCA目前在国营企业和民营企业似乎还没有很大的用武之地。
其次看看,ACCA课程设置。具体内容请参考acca官方网站。十四门课程,涉及会计、审计、税法、财务管理、管理系统、企业战略、金融投资等多方面的内容。比起中国的cicpa要全面很多。覆盖了一个财务总监通常应掌握的知识体系。学习起来,也不是那么枯燥,还是比较注重知识与实践相结合。有些考生,就算不是准备得很充分,在考试答题时还是可以用自己的经验和积累弥补准备的不足,就是由于这个道理。所以总的来讲,就算你不抱什么特别的学习目的。至少,ACCA是一套不错的、完善的财务培训课程。
再者,课程是英语的。课本、练习、网上资料等都是英语的。考试也是全英文,考试中大部分的题目是论述题或“论述加计算”题,很讲究答题的条理性。所以可以全面提升你的英文水平,锻炼你用英文阅读、思考、写作的能力。
还有,最实用的一点是,考了ACCA,有了ACCA会员资格后。可以提升你本人的价值。至于提升多少,因人而异。但无论怎样,一个经过良好的培训、能用流利英文沟通、会写英文报告、精通中国和国际会计制度、有一定的工作经验、又有一张外国会计证书的人在中国还是稀缺资源,至少比CICPA,MBA要少多了。既然如此,碰到识货的老板,自然是愿意开价钱高一些的。
还有一个副作用,就是学习的过程中,你会找到一些志同道合的考友。或者是在参加ACCA培训及办事处组织的活动中可以认识一些业内人士。有什么工作上学习上的事情,大家可以讨论。即便大家都当了财务经理啊,财务总监啊,也可以多多交流,共同进步。这年头networking是很重要的,人毕竟还是要成为“组织里的人”,这样你才能找到你的坐标。
但,机会总是属于有准备的人。如果你的经验够好,又有好的证书,总有机会是你的。
(二)考ACCA困难、障碍很多,怎么克服?
ACCA的困难、障碍,大凡不外乎以下几项:
1. 我的英语不好。大学时就算考过六级,长期不用也已经忘记得差不多了。
2. 我没时间。上班好忙,节假日经常加班,周末还要带孩子。哪有时间看书?
3. 我没钱,工资低。学费考试费用不菲,考完全部科目要两三万元。
4. 我已经很久没有好好看书学习了,没有那种读书的习惯了,现在再拣起来,
能行吗?
5. 周围的人都说我有病,没事花钱买罪受。家里人也说我疯了。我老板说,如果我考试影响工作,就让我走人。
让我们一一来做个回答:
1. ACCA使用英语考试的,所以如果英语水平欠缺,尤其是读写水平欠缺的话,建议还是去学好英语先。尤其是有些人一上来就免考5-6门,起始点较高,如果英语的阅读理解力不行,就会比较吃力。特别是第三级的课程,学习者最好可以用英语直接理解试题、思考作答,否则考试时,时间多半会来不及的。
2. 时间是挤出来的,如果你真的想考试通过的话。很多考生都是一边工作一边考试的。四大的工作够忙的吧?出差加班,忙起来昏天黑地没有私人时间。但照样有很多人还是考出来了。我也是考完了第二级才从事务所出来的。一般来说,每门课约需要150-180小时的学习,包括看书,做习题和全真题等等。最好保证每周看书做题20-25小时,平时每天晚上看2-3小时,周末大约每天看书5-6小时。这样,准备三门课基本上要四五个月的时间。如果参加培训,可以少一些看书的时间。
3. 其实,读ACCA比读MBA便宜多了,而证书本身不比MBA差。而且两三万是在两三年以上的时间里付出的。想想考完之后的回报,相对来说,cost-benefit还是比MBA要好。
4. 读书的习惯是一种毅力。当别人节假日都在玩的时候,而我在读书,象起来确实有些凄凉。不过,人总是有些理想。为了目标,我们就不可以多付出点什么吗?
5. 只要你拿定主意,其他人说什么,让他们说去吧。老板也不用理他了。只要我们把该做的工作做好,真的考出了ACCA,还怕他的眼色不成?另谋高就呗。
(三)Chinese or UK? International or UK?选哪一个呀?
这一贴是旧贴重新整理。
问题:
注册ACCA时它有两个选择
1。 一个是Chinese Variant Paper与UK Variant Paper这是涉及税法方面的
2。另外一个是International Stream和UK stream 涉及的是会计制度和准则方面的
应该如何选择呢?
版主的分析:
不同variant和stream的出现,都是acca国际化进程的一种象征,目的可能还是让更多的人愿意来学习并参加考试。
两个问题当中,首先回答个简单的。就是uk stream or international stream?其实,两者的难度差不多,在选择时,最主要是看考生的兴趣。如果说中国考生大部分选择国际准则而不是英国的,主要是因为培训中心多半都选择前者。另外,我也知道一些大学的本科会计专业与acca合作的joint program中,也是使用的国际会计准则的课程。我想,在选择时,一方面看培训班所能提供的课程(如果是准备自学的,除外),另方面也可以考虑一下,现在国际上的大趋势是大家都使用IAS。包括欧盟,澳洲,今后几年内都有这个计划。另外,我国的会计准则也在逐步的向IAS靠拢。
关于第一个问题, 我曾经在别的网站上和人讨论过,现转贴于此,并作一些修改补充。
其实,税法的两门考试可选中国税法是现在考生的一种幸福。我们当时考的时候,只能选UK的。而现在有了中国税法,很多财经专业的人都学过的,应该说是不难考过。但即便如此,有些考生因为是cicpa, 所以不要用考2.3。到了第三级的前四门,“高级税务”又是选考科目。有的人就不选税法,这样就可以完全避开税法的两门科目了。
但是,个人认为,如果你今后真的成为ACCA会员,而从未学过英国税法,中国税法也不过是懂些皮毛,可能会是一种缺憾。因为英国税法几乎是世界上最复杂最先进的税法。很多国家的税法都是从英国那里借鉴过来的,比如我们国家的增值税和利息所得税,以及今后不久要开设的遗产税等。
学习英国税法是可以开阔眼界的。比如说资本利得税capital gain tax,遗产税等是中国所没有的。再比如,仅仅是个人所得税项下的雇员福利津贴部分就规定有几十种纳税或免税的情况,即使是非现金福利,也有相应的计算方法,可以说是涵盖了你能想到的企业给员工福利的所有品种。而在中国,如果是非现金或企业直接支付的,基本上是不要交税,至少是处于“灰色”地带。
至于“高级税务”中的税收筹划,英国的税制正因为其复杂和弹性,所以学起来很有意思,也很有挑战性。即使你是在中国工作,你也会发现,在今后的工作中,ACCA学的一些原则性的东西,或解决问题的思路,都是很有用的。听说,中国在不久的将来要全面税制改革,增加遗产税,改进企业和个人的所得税制等,相信有不少条文会借鉴一下英美的税法。
当然,也不是一定要大家考英国税法。英国的法律是比较严谨,但它是根植于英国或欧洲大陆的法律经济环境。有些东西在学习的时候会觉得很难透彻理解。比如,遗产税筹划中经常提到的一些个人金融安排(好像有两种不同类型的信托基金),由于在中国没有此物,因而学的时候只好死记硬背。还有就是考试准备的时间,如果你已经对中国的税法很熟了,那么考试作题只不过是把它翻成英文,相对于从头开始学英国税法要好得多,尤其是那些已经免了2.3的中国注册会计师们,考3.2中国税法自然是容易上手些。不然,没有2.3英国税法的基础,直接考3.2英国税法之高级税务,会一头雾水的。
另外,补充一句,在第三级的头四门科目中,3.2是相对比较容易过的,无论是考中国还是英国税法。因为,基本上是计算题,只要在准备时多练习,摸清答题的格式和规律。相对比3.1和3.4这样的文字题考试要容易一些。
不过,不管怎样,我的意见只能是作为参考,拿主意还是要你们自己考虑。
(四)关于ACCA书,是买还是借?是BPP还是KAPLAN?
BPP好像更适合自学,书本的体例,行文还有版式,更适合于自己看书自学的同学。AT的书看上去更像正规的专业书,所用词句、行文方式有时比较晦涩,甚至是有点儿学究。
由于习题册对准备考试的考生很重要,所以让我们来比较一下两版的习题。如果是以计算为主的科目,比如,1.2, 2.3, 2.4等,两版的区别还不太明显。但如果是以文字论述题为主的科目,尤其是第三级的科目,两者的习题答案就有分风格上的区别了。AT的习题答案是比较正规严谨的,但是好像比较学术,不象是考试的时候考生可以写出来的水平。
而BPP的习题本来就有分两种,一种叫 preparation question,是专门帮助考生回顾书中的概念的。还有一种是正式的题目(一般都是近几年的全真试题),它相应的答案就比较浅显易懂,好像考生考试的时候也可以写出来的水平。(当
然,你本身的英文写作水准是还可以的)。
不过,两个版本各有所长,都是不错的教材。关键不在于书版本,而在于你是否真地把教材吃透弄懂了,而后把习题册都通做(至少是把答案部分好好研究过)了一遍。建议如果能借到书的话,每个版本分别借一本来看看,看自己喜欢哪种形式。然后再作决定。
再转载一段考友的话,给大家参考。“本人看过KAPLAN和BPP的课本,个人感觉BPP的书比较通俗易懂,语法句子较为简单;而KAPLAN的书虽然是官方教材,但是感觉过于显示自己的水平,长句子很多,且有时句读没有,单词也较为生僻,个别居然还有一段句子重复的,让我等看书的人觉得不是很流畅。”关于买书周期的问题,是不是每次都要买新书?还有前一次考砸了,下一次再考,要不要买新书呢?在此借用一位FinalChapter兄弟的帖子。“ACCA考试一年换一次大纲,所以AT和BPP都是一年换一个版本的教材。我觉得,税法类的考试应该要一年买一次;会计审计教材可以两年买一次;其他管理类的课程就不需要买第二次了。税法年年都变,所以不买最新版本难免会吃亏;会计审计变化不大,而且考试的重点一般不在于那些经常变化的东西,例如2.5和3.6都以合并报表为主,合并报表很多年来变化不大;管理类的课程教材几乎没有任何变化,有时候仅仅是章节顺序的变化,再说即使一个最新的管理理念你不了解,也未必答不出题来,因为管理学的很多问题,既可以这样答,也可以那样答。”
版主再补充上一点。如果用一两年前的老书,可以注意一下考试大纲今年的新变化,这些在网上可以查到。另外,也可以只买一本新的练习册即可,不用全套都买新的。
(五)是先通过CICPA以获得免考五门,还是直接报考ACCA呢?任何事情都有两面性,先考CICPA有利有弊,先谈谈好处。
1. 最大的好处是节省费用。CICPA一共五门,报名费、考试费加培训费,全部大约1200-1500元左右。 即使有补考,加上去也就是几千元的事情。 如果过了CICPA,可以免ACCA五门。当然,免考的科目也要交所为免考费,数额与考试费相同。每门课38-46英镑不等。五门课一共约人民币2800元左右。但如果从ACCA的1.1开始考,每门课的考试费、书费、培训费约2500-2700一门。这样考完五门约需要人民币13000左右。所以,先通过CICPA可以省一大笔费用,至少是省掉了ACCA前五门科目的书费和培训费,约合计人民币8-9千元。
2. 第二个好处是显而易见。就是拥有一张中国注册会计师的证书,也是很重要的,尤其是在国内企业工作。如果拥有ACCA的同时,又有一份CICPA的证书,会是相得益彰的。
再从反面看看如果先考CICPA的情况。
1. 首先,现在ACCA的新免试政策,让一些会计专业或财务专业的大学毕业生也可以免三至五门科目。所以,考过了CICPA似乎优越感并不明显。
2. 其次,此五门非彼五门。CICPA的五门课比ACCA的前五门难多了。虽然ACCA是用英语考试,但这五门课的内容并不太难,尤其是第一级的三门。只要有足够的准备时间,是比较容易过的。而反观CICPA的五门,内容就难多了。比如会计,其中一些内容的难度是相当于ACCA2.5和3.6;再如财务管理,有不少内容是ACCA2.4甚至3.7才有的。所以,大多数情况下中国学生对ACCA的前五门考试基本上是手到擒来,一次过的,再加上有免试,一般一年内搞定。而CICPA的难度大,通过率低,很少有人可以在一两年的时间里全部通过。
3. 再者,时间的问题。由于众所周知的原因,CICPA通常不会在一两年里面全
过。就算两年通过CICPA,再报考ACCA还有考9门。比较稳妥的考试进度是2+2+2+3(最后三门必须一起考一次过),这样还要两年。从前一年CICPA考完到第二年报考ACCA还有至少半年的闲时。这样加起来月4-5年。但如果直接考ACCA,即使只免两门,12门科目,基本上2.5 - 3年内考完。即使有一些补考,也不会用五年的。
也有些个牛人是CICPA和ACCA一起考的,每年6月、12月考ACCA,9月考CICPA,两三年内全部通过。如果有精力,有时间又有毅力,同时考完也是可以的。
(六)关于免试科目和选考科目
关于免试政策,已经有帖子讨论过了。大家自己看看。我这里要讲的是,究竟多免一些好呢还是少免一些好?有的人是cicpa又是会计专业本科毕业的,可以免去六门科目。就担心自己的基础不扎实,会不会影响后面的科目。这种担心不无道理。前六门课,除2.2基本是独立的外,其他的几门都和后面的科目相关,尤其是1.1, 1.2, 2.3分别是2.5和3.6、 2.4, 3.3和3.
7、以 及3.2的基础科目。加上,ACCA由于使用英文考试,对于我们大部分的人来说,都会有一种“上手较难”的感觉。所以,最好是从第一级开始,循序渐进的考。
但是,有免试的机会毕竟是好事。既可以省一些精力和时间,又可以省钱。因而,不建议大家轻易放弃免试。我的建议是,可以找前几门科目的课本来看看,并且作一些以前的全真考题,感觉一下。对于第一次注册acca的学员,大多数人是在五六月份报名注册,当年12月第一次考试,所以还是有比较充足的准备时间。在拿到新书(通常是在八月中下旬或九月初)之前的两三个月,可以向朋友同学借免考科目的书来看一下。尤其是1.1, 1.2, 2.3三门,为今后的考试打下基础。有的人还考虑,如果免考了某些科目,就不可以申请Oxford Brookes的学士学位,为此也放弃免试。本人认为,这要看这个学位对你来说是否真的重要。如果是大专毕业,可以考虑,应为不用多花很多的力气和金钱,就可以拿一个洋学位,听上去是个good deal。但如果,已经有了学士学位,何必再申请这个学位呢,有一张ACCA证书不是更过硬一些吗?
关于3.1-3.4四门选两门的问题,我在给greenspring的帖子里也讲过,icebaby的分析也讲得很好。其实,四门的难度差不了多少,但个人的感觉因人而异。有人不喜欢论述题的考试,偏爱计算的,可能就会选3.2和3.3,但也有人相反。如果之前考过2.3的,继续选3.2无妨。但如果原先因免考,跳过了2.3,一下子考3.2会有些吃力的。
总的来说,中国学生比较善于handle以计算题为主的考试。3.2是以计算为主的,3.3是计算议论个一半。3.1和3.4都是以议论题为主。如果已经在3.2和3.3里选定了一科,要在3.1和3.4里面再选另一科,我认为是差不多的,3.4比较偏重IT方面的知识和一些strategy方面的基础知识,不是很难。而3.1审计科目,看上去难,其实还是可以掌握的,经常考的重点就这么一些,出题也是围绕个主要的会计准则以及一些审计实践中较有规律的东西。把历年考题做熟了,通过应该没太大问题。
总之,在选科目方面,个人情况不同,要根据自己的长处、喜好去选择。
(七)培训还是自学?选那个培训中心好?
首先,培训班好坏并不是通过考试的唯一条件。关键还是要你自己能够认真看书和做题。有些考生是自学的,也可以通过考试。
但是,培训班还有一个好处是帮你节省一些自己摸索苦战的时间。培训老师可以帮你把书本里的东西总结概括一下,特别是会cover所有重点的内容。好的老师讲课应该条理清楚、重点突出,会总结一套对付考试的经验。还有,你上课时老师发的资料、练习题和你自己记的notes,到考试前看一看,一定是有帮助的。
另外,培训还有个好处,就是可以帮助你认识很多志同道合的朋友,大家一起看书、做题,交流学习资料、经验等等。能找到一起奋战的考友,大家有个照应,要比自己孤军奋战、自己埋头看书要好得多。
目前考到第三级的很多考生是自学的,但实际上,如果能上培训班,不无好处。前面的好处不重复了。第三级多半是小班上课,一个老师,十多个学生。大家上课时可以多多讨论,有利于锻炼思路,并交流一下级解答问题的方法。第三级的考试,跟注重能力。如果纯粹看书,而不锻炼思路的话,考试时一上来会觉得很吃力。尤其是用英语思考和答题的能力不是一时半会儿可以掌握的。在培训中,老师会有意的去引导的。
如果你真的是自学能力不强,自制力也不强,学习时间紧而且不可支配,这鼓励你参加培训。另外,现在有一种途径,参加网络课程远程培训,国内外都有吧,但是现在网络课程太多,质量参差不齐,所以要好好选择,网站上的网络课还可以,有较强的指导性,比枯燥定时的培训好一些。有兴趣的人可以和他们在国内授权机构联系一下,他们的电话:400—626—8586
其实,培训机构的好坏很难比较。比如说通过率,其实考试成绩还是要看考生自己的努力。有的人不上培训班,也能通过考试的。这和每个人复习时间、时间的管理能力、短时学习吸收能力有很大关系。再加上,每次考试的难易度略有不同,考生的临场发挥不同,很难用一两次的通过率来比较培训效果。培训机构,关键是看老师的质量如何,还有使用的辅助教材和notes怎么样,是否对学生通过考试真的有帮助。具体的,当然要考生自己去体会和判断。
第四篇:ACCA考试会计辅导习题(16)
ACCA考试会计辅导习题(16)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布,转载请注明出处
Question:
Cronin Auto Retail (CAR) is a car dealer that sells used cars bought at auctions by its experienced team of buyers. Every car for sale is less than two years old and has a full service history. The company concentrates on small family cars and, at any one time, there are about 120 on display at its purpose-built premises. The premises were acquired five years ago on a 25 year lease and they include a workshop, a small cafe and a children’s playroom. All vehicles are selected by one of five experienced buyers who attend auctions throughout the country. Each attendance costs CAR about $500 per day in staff and travelling costs and usually leads to the purchase of five cars. On average, each car costs CAR $10,000 and is sold to the customer for $12,000. The company has a good sales and profitability record, although a recent economic recession has led the managing director to question ‘whether we are selling the right type of cars. Recently, I wonder if we have been buying cars that our team of buyers would like to drive, not what our customers want to buy?’ However, the personal selection of quality cars has been an important part of CAR’s business model and it is stressed in their marketing literature and website.
Sales records show that 90% of all sales are to customers who live within two hours’ drive of CAR’s base. This is to be expected as there are many competitors and most customers want to buy from a garage that they can easily return the car to if it needs inspection, a service or repair. Consequently, CAR concentrates on display advertising in newspapers in this geographical area. It also has a customer database containing the records of people who have bought cars in the last three years. All customers receive a regular mail-shot, listing the cars for sale and highlighting any special offers or promotions. The company has a website where all the cars are listed with a series of photographs showing each car from a variety of angles. The website also contains general information about the company, special offers and promotions, and information about its service, maintenance and repair service.
CAR is keen to expand the service and mechanical repair side of its business. It would particularly like customers who have purchased cars from them to bring them back for servicing or for any mechanical repairs that are subsequently required. However, although CAR holds basic spare parts in stock, it has to order many parts from specialist parts 上海总部地址:上海市虹口区花园路171号A3幢高顿教育
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companies (called motor factors) or from the manufacturers directly. Mechanics have to raise paper requisitions which are passed to the procurement manager for reviewing, agreeing and sourcing. Most parts are ordered from regular suppliers, but there is an increasing backlog and this can cause a particular problem if the customer’s car is in the garage waiting for the part to arrive. Customers are increasingly frustrated and annoyed by repairs taking much longer than they were led to expect. Another source of frustration is that the procurement manager only works from 10.00 to 16.00. The mechanics work on shifts and so the garage is staffed from 07.00 to 19.00. Urgent requisitions cannot be processed when the procurement manager is not at work. The backlog of requisitions is placing increased strain on the procurement manager who has recently made a number of clerical mistakes when raising a purchase order.
Requests for stationery and other office supplies also go through the same requisitioning process, with orders placed with the office supplier who is offering the best current deal. Finding this deal can be time consuming and so employees are increasingly submitting requisitions earlier so that they can be sure that new supplies will be received in time.
The managing director is aware of the problems of the requisitioning system but is reluctant to appoint a second procurement manager because he is trying to keep staff overheads down during a difficult trading period. He is keen to address ‘more fundamental issues in the marketing and procurement processes’. He is particularly interested in how the ‘interactivity, intelligence, individualisation and independence of location offered by e-marketing media can help us at CAR’.
Required:
(a) Evaluate how the principles of interactivity, intelligence, individualisation and independence of location might
be applied in the e-marketing of the products and services of CAR. (16 marks)
(b) Explain the principles of e-procurement and evaluate its potential application at CAR. (9 marks)
(25 marks)
Answer:
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(a) This question uses four of the ‘6 Is’ developed by McDonald and Wilson to explore the differences between traditional and e-marketing. Candidate answers do not have to be strictly classified within each of the factors identified below. In reality, suggestions will cross the boundaries of these factors.
Interactivity concerns the development of a two-way relationship between the customer and the supplier. The traditional display advertising and mail-shots used by CAR are examples of ‘push media’ where the marketing message is broadcast to current and potential customers. Their current website continues this approach, with the stock listing essentially representing a continually updated, but widely accessible, display advertisement. Supplementing mail-shots with e-mails could be immediately considered by CAR and would be a cheaper alternative to mail-shots. However, it still remains a ‘push technique’ with little dialogue with the customer.
Here are three ideas that CAR could consider to improve the interactivity of its site. Other legitimate suggestions will also be given credit.
(1) Encouraging potential buyers on their website to ask questions about any car that they are interested in. Both questions and answers are published. This may provide someone with the vital information that clinches the sale. It also creates a great enthusiasm around the car. Buyers may move quickly so that they do not lose the opportunity to buy the car. On e-bay, customers are encouraged to ‘ask a question’ of the seller and this often leads to long threads where the supplier and potential buyers interact.
(2) Many buyers would like to test drive a car before they purchase it. CAR could provide the opportunity for customers to book a test drive over the Internet.
(3) Once a purchase had been complete, CAR might encourage feedback which could be published on the website. In this instance, customers are actually providing information that is commercially useful to buyers. This may be in the form of testimonials, or in the form of more structured feedback that e-bay encourages. Suppliers who have 100% positive feedback backed up by testimonials from previous buyers are powerfully reinforcing their marketing message.
Intelligence is about identifying and understanding the needs of potential customers and how they wish to be communicated with. It is traditionally the area of market research and marketing research. Currently CAR does very little research. It relies on a database that 上海总部地址:上海市虹口区花园路171号A3幢高顿教育
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only consists of people who have actually bought cars from the company. Collecting email addresses through promotions and interactivity initiatives (see above) provides a much greater pool of potential customers who can be kept up-to-date through email. It can also give CAR significant intelligence about the type of cars that they are interested in and at what price. At present, the buyers for CAR use their experience when buying cars at auction and there is some concern that they buy what they would like to drive, not what the customers want to drive. It would be useful to support this experience with quantitative information about the type of cars potential buyers are really interested in. This may lead to a change in buying policy.
Individualisation concerns the tailoring of marketing information to each individual, unlike traditional media where the same message tends to be sent to everyone. Personalisation is a key element in building an effective relationship with the customer. In the context of CAR, individuals who have shown interest in a certain model or type of car may be selectively emailed when a similar car becomes available. This approach may also be used for current customers. For example, someone who purchased a particular car two or three years ago might be e-mailed about an opportunity to upgrade to an updated model. For individualisation to be successful, sufficient details must be collected through the intelligence and interactive facets of the
‘6 Is’.
Individualisation will also be key in offering relevant after-sales service. This may concern inviting customers to return their cars for servicing at the correct dates or offering services only appropriate to that type of car. For example, circulating details of air-conditioning renewal only to customers with air conditioned cars.
Independence of location concerns the geographical location of the company. Electronic media increases the geographical reach of a company. For many companies this gives opportunities to sell into international markets which had previously been inaccessible to them.
This facet of the new media is unlikely to be appropriate to CAR. Most sales are to customers who are within two hours’ drive of the CAR premises. The commodity nature of the cars that CAR are selling means that similar cars will be available throughout the country, often from garages that offer local service and support. Independence of location would be more significant if CAR was selling collectors or classic cars where each car is relatively rare and people are prepared to travel long distances to view the car they are 上海总部地址:上海市虹口区花园路171号A3幢高顿教育
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interested in. Furthermore, the long term lease on CAR’s current premises makes it unlikely that they will be able to locate to a cheaper site and hence exploit the independence of location offered by the new media.
(b) Procurement is concerned with purchasing goods or services for the organisation. It is concerned with sourcing items at the right price, delivered at the right time, to the right quality, in the right quantity and from the right source. Many contemporary definitions of procurement also include the inbound logistics required to get the product from the supplier to the customer.
E-procurement looks at the opportunities presented by automating aspects of procurement to improve the performance of the five ‘rights’ identified above. There is a wide range of potential answers to this part of the question depending on the scope and focus of e-procurement selected by the candidate. Solutions may vary from the simple automation of part of the system, to re-thinking the way the company does business.
In the context of CAR, two distinct types of procurement can be identified. The first is production-related procurement and is directly related to the core activities of the organisation. This relates to the purchase of cars for sale and the purchase of parts required for servicing or repairing vehicles. The second is non-production procurement.
CAR has always purchased its vehicles through experienced buyers attending auctions. On average this attendance costs the company $500 per day, leading to the purchase (on average) of five cars. This purchasing cost of $100 per car represents 5% of the average profit margin on each car. This cost could be eliminated if cars were purchased through e-auctions, with bids made on-line. The risk here is that the cars bought were not of the right quality. CAR prides itself in the personal selection of its cars. However, it could be argued that cars which are less than two years old with a full service history are unlikely to have much wrong with them.
The parts needed for servicing and mechanical repairs are ordered from motor factors or manufacturers. A number of regular suppliers are retained, many in long-term relationships with CAR. This is known as systematic sourcing. Most of the problems here are caused by the need to pass requisitions for parts through a procurement manager. The first problem is the delay in the purchasing cycle. There is a backlog of requisitions that have to be reviewed, agreed and sourced by the procurement manager. This is particularly problematic when a customer’s car is in the garage awaiting a part. The customer is likely to be frustrated and annoyed by the delay, whilst the car is occupying garage space that 上海总部地址:上海市虹口区花园路171号A3幢高顿教育
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could have been profitably used for a fee-paying job. The second problem is the cost of the paperwork and the processing time of the procurement manager associated with the purchase. The final problem is that purchases can only be made between 10.00 and 16.00 when the procurement manager is at work. Mechanics work 07.00 to 19.00 and are frustrated that they cannot make orders outside the times the procurement manager is at work. Giving the mechanics the systems and authorisation to order parts (up to a certain value limit) from specified suppliers over the Internet should deliver cost savings and speed up repairs and services. A direct ordering system should also reduce administrative errors and enhance customer goodwill. CAR might also use eprocurement to open up competitive bidding between potential suppliers; posting their requirements on their website and inviting competing bids. Parts could be sourced from a number of suppliers, taking advantage of the lowest prices for each part. This could be combined with just-in-time supply, reducing the cost of stock holding at CAR.
Non-production procurement is concerned with ordering things such as stationery, paper, ink toner and other office supplies. Christa Degnan (quoted in Chaffney, E-Business and E-Commerce Management) suggested that for ‘every dollar a company earns in revenue, 50 cents to 55 cents is spent on indirect goods and services – things like office supplies and computer equipment. That half dollar represents an opportunity. By driving costs out of the purchasing process, companies can increase profits without having to sell more goods’. CAR is in this situation. It uses the same process for office supplies as it does for car parts. However, most office supplies are cheap, commodity products where sometimes the cost of ordering the product exceeds the value of the purchased product, particularly where a cumbersome purchasing process is in place. With little differentiation between products, it is the availability and cost of the product that become the most significant aspects in the procurement process. E-procurement should provide better information, identifying alternative suppliers and allowing spot sourcing of office products to fulfil immediate need.
Overall, e-procurement should reduce the administrative burden on the procurement manager, giving him or her the opportunity to concentrate on negotiating terms, agreements and product standardisation; more strategic tasks in the procurement process.
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第五篇:2018ACCA考试 SBL解析
2018ACCA考试 SBL解析(高顿教育)
2018年 9月ACCA考试科目将对p阶段进行改革,p1与p3整合,引入新科目SBL《战略商业领袖》,将在今年九月份开始实行。那此次改革学员们应该如何应对考试呢?考试的难度大不大呢?又该如何备考?高顿财经ACCA研究中心主任龚玲玲博士,携手P
1、P3教研组的多位特级教师,对SBL科目内容进行了深入细致的专业剖析,并奉上实用的备考建议,供各位ACCA学习者参考。
ACCA P阶段新科目SBL
Strategic Business Leader (战略商业领袖,简称SBL)考纲解析
适用于2018年9月考试
【科目设立背景】
作为会计师的专业团体, ACCA认为未来的专业会计师应该是企业当前和未来价值的守护者、高效管理和财务运营的专家、企业运营的合作伙伴、未来的企业领袖。
专业会计师是具备战略规划,风险管理,商业分析,内部控制与筹划等多方面能力的复合型人才。因此ACCA对P阶段(professional level)的课程做出相应改革。将现行的P1《公司治理,风险和道德(Governance, Risk and Ethics )》和P3《商业分析(Business analysis)》两个科目合并,引入新的考试科目SBL《战略商业领袖(Strategic Business Leader)》替代P1和P3。P1和P3合并后,未来ACCA考试科目将由14门变成13门。
新科目SBL将在2018年9月的考试中首次出现。
【科目介绍】
SBL《战略商业领袖(Strategic Business Leader)》将成为ACCA专业核心模块,即P阶段的第一门考试科目,包括公司治理、战略领导力、战略管理、风险管理、信息技术与数据分析、组织控制、财务分析、创新与变革管理8部分内容,32个核心知识,155个考点、5个职场专业技能。
SBL在Part A 公司治理部分,先介绍了代理关系下的整个企业的治理。主要聚焦点是在会计师与审计师的支持与控制下,董事会成员的角色及其对组织的利益相关者负有的责任。这与Part B 战略领导力的内容相互关联,因为有较高职业道德、负责任的企业战略领导者是良好的公司治理的有力保证。也只有在基本组织架构和价值观得到保证的前提下,企业才能实施Part C 战略管理的各个步骤,这包括战略分析定位、评估各种战略方案从而做出最适合本企业的战略选择,并实施所选择的战略方案。在进行Part C的战略选择和执行战略方案时,企业战略领导者必须对风险做出全面的分析、评估与控制。因此,Part D 中对如何识别风险、评估风险和控制风险做了详细阐述。
同时,Part F通过内部审查、内部控制来支持并良好的实施公司治理,也为战略领导层在做决策时,判断做出的决策是不是合规提供参照依据。Part G通过使用F
2、F
5、F9中的财务管理和管理会计的核心技术,分析企业或组织目前的业绩与状况,为战略领导层的决策提供财务依据。Part E 通过在整个企业使用IT、云计算、电子商务来进行信息管理、企业控制、财务运作与商业运营。最后,Part H 通过创新与业务流程再造,使企业建立优良的业务流程、IT解决方案和项目管理,帮助企业获得可持续的发展与成功。
【知识结构】
SBL各部分内容包含的8大模块、核心知识点如下:
A.Corporate governance 公司治理
1.Agency 代理关系与理论
2.Stakeholder analysis and corporate social responsibility 利益相关者分析和企业社会责任
3.Corporate governance scope and approaches 公司治理的范围与方法
4.The board of directors董事会
5.Public sector governance 公共部门治理
B.Strategic Business Leadership 战略领导
1.Qualities of leadership 领导特质
2.Leadership and organisational culture 领导力和组织文化
3.Integrated reporting 综合报告
4.Professionalism, ethical codes and the public interest 职业素养、道德准则和公众利益
C.Strategy 战略管理
1.Concepts of strategy 战略管理的基本理念
2.Environmental issues affecting the strategic position of and future outlook for an organisation 外部环境对组织战略定位和未来发展的影响
3.Competitive forces affecting an organisation竞争力对组织的影响
4.The internal resources, capabilities and competences of an organisation
组织的内部资源、能力和竞争力
5.Strategic choices 战略选择
D.Risk 风险管理
1.Identification, assessment and measurement of risk 风险辨析、评估和计量
2.Targeting and monitoring risk 风险关注和监督
3.Managing risk 管理风险
E.Technology and data analytics 信息技术与数据分析
1.Cloud and mobile technology 云计算与移动终端技术
2.Big data and data analytics 大数据与数据分析
3.E-business: value chain 电子商务在价值链管理上的应用
F.Organisational control 组织控制
1.Management and internal control systems 管理和内部控制系统
2.Internal control, audit and compliance内控、审计和合规性
3.Internal control and management reporting内控和管理层报告
G.Finance 财务分析
1.Financial transformation 财务转型
2.Financial analysis and decision-making techniques to evaluate, formulate and support business strategy 企业战略评估、规划与支持的财务分析与决策技术
3.Cost and management accounting in strategic planning and implementation
成本与管理会计在战略规划和执行中的作用
H.Innovation and change management 创新与变革管理
1.Enabling success: organising 如何确保变革成功:组织
2.Enabling success: disruptive technologies 如何确保变革成功:颠覆性技术
3.Enabling success:talent 如何确保变革成功:人才
4.Managing strategic change 战略变革的管理
5.Building a business case 制定项目企划案
6.Leading and managing projects 项目管理与领导
7.Innovative business processes 企业流程创新
【科目关联性】
SBL 中Part A、B中的职业道德、D、F是现在P1的考纲内容,Part B(除职业道德)、Part C、E中的E-business和big data、G、H中的change management 是现在P3的考纲内容。Part E中的云计算和移动终端技术、 H中innovation 是SBL的新增考点。
【考试形式】
SBL考试时长为4小时, 共3道题。题目为综合案例分析题(Integrated case study)的模式,是对同一个综合案例提出的3个问题。
第1题60分,第
2、3题每题20分,共计100分,所有考题均为必答题,所有考题包含CCASE分数。每场考试CCASE分数为20分,分布在3道考题中,考官会在考题中明确说明。
CCASE是跟随SBL科目新推出的Professional marks 的评分模型。CCASE是C-Communication沟通能力, C-Commercial acumen敏锐的商业头脑,A-Analysis分析能力,S-Scepticism 职业怀疑态度、E-Evaluation评估能力,这5个能力的首字母。通过对考生答题中这5方面职业能力的评估,判断考生的职场专业技能(注:考试中如何才能拿到CCASE高分,拿分技巧大解密,请关注高顿网校与公众号文章“CCASE的考法与得分技巧详解”)。
【与现行考试的比较】
ACCA课程改革后的SBL科目考试形式与现行考试有什么区别呢?高顿财经ACCA研究中心P1和P3教研组对此做了简明扼要的总结:
1.考试总分值依旧为100分。
2.考试时间由3小时15分钟,变为4小时。
3.现有P阶段考试一般section A 为50分或60分的必做题,题型是综合案例分析题。Section B是三选二的选做题,考生在3道题里选做两道题,每题20分或25分。
新考试科目SBL只有一个section,包含3道题,第1题60分、第
2、3题每题20分,共计100分。所有3道题均为必做题,答题信息来自于同一个模拟仿真的综合案例。
4.现有P阶段的考试中考核职场专业能力Professional Mark一般为4-6分。新的考试科目SBL将职场专业能力分提升到20分左右,这相当于现在P阶段考试一道选做题的分值。这代表ACCA对提升学员职场专业能力的重视程度。
【对考生的备考建议】
1. 高顿财经ACCA研究中心主任龚玲玲博士请考生尤其注意两个时间节点。一是2018年6月是考生最后一次考试P
1、P3的机会。二是2018年9月开始SBL的全球考试。2018年9月前,通过P1或P3的考生,可凭P
1、P3两门科目的通过成绩换SBL这门课的通过成绩。
2.由于CCASE为新推出的考核方式,得分要求还不够明朗,而占分比例又高达20%,,利用这2年时间尽快通过P1和P3考试,换取新科目SBL的免考资格。
3. 另外,现在P2 Corporate reporting 将从2018年9月起更名为SBR Strategic Business Reporting。内容上没有什么变化,但是会更强调向各类stakeholders提供报告的能力。这对2018年9月前已经通过P2的考生不存在影响。