高中英语各种课型教案
作为一位不辞辛劳的人民教师,通常需要准备好一份教案,编写教案有利于我们准确把握教材的重点与难点,进而选择恰当的教学方法。教案应该怎么写才好呢?以下是小编整理的《高中英语各种课型教案》的文章,希望能够很好的帮助到大家,谢谢大家对小编的支持和鼓励。
第一篇:高中英语各种课型教案
高中语文优秀教案教学设计课型模式
一、指导思想
为全面实施素质教育,深化课程改革,打造优质、高效的高中语文课堂,根据市教育局《关于全市开展中小学优秀教案评选活动的意见》精神,特制订本办法。
二、评选要求
1.教学理念新颖。要突出学生的主体地位,体现自主、合作、探究的学习方式。
2.教学设计最优化。是教师备出来、上出来、赛出来的,要好用、实用、管用。
3.教学手段使用恰当。根据教学实际,恰当运用多媒体辅助教 4.教学设计环节完整。要有课后反思,同时对本教学设计提出使用建议。
5.引领与借鉴作用大。要真正发挥优秀教学设计的带动、引领作用。
6.教学设计要求详案。
三、教案基本要求
1.按照国家《课程标准》(高三《考试说明》)的总体目标和教学要求,教学目标明确,教学知识点、能力点、教育点、重难点得到有效突出。
2.根据教学内容,科学、灵活地选用教学模式和方法。所采用模式和方法,能有效凸显学生的主体地位,体现“以学生为主体、以问题为主线”的教学理念。
3.侧重于课堂活动和问题的设计。要突出教学活动的有效性和普遍性,关注活动的实际效果。问题的设计要具有思维深度,具有启发性和指导性。
4.充分利用各种教学手段和教学资源。要精心制作课件、教具,提高教学效益。充分利用网络、图书报刊资料和各种媒体资源,丰富教学内容,开阔学生视野,满足学生个性化的发展需求。
5.教学流程要符合认知的一般规律。充分体现教学过程的层次性、渐进性,环节过渡自然;教学指导语准确、简练、流畅,教学指令清晰。
6.充分体现语文课程的育人功能。引导学生关注社会、关注生活、关注人生,有利于形成正确的世界观、人生观和价值观,有利于身心的健康成长,有利于兴趣、习惯、思维品质的培养。
四、教案要素结构
1.教学内容:课题、课时、课型、目标。
2.教学目标:依据课程标准,对本课时的知识点、能力点、教育点、重难点等四个方面的目标,进行细化、具体化的描述。
3.教学模式、方法和手段:对本节课使用的教学模式、教学方法和手段进行简要描述。
4.教学过程:对任务设计、问题设计和活动设计,进行详细的说明;对课堂教学用语,如导入语、过渡语、评价语、讲解语、总结语要有清晰的表述。
5.随堂训练和拓展性素材:要有为达成教学目标所设计(或采用)的巩固性训练题(组)、阅读材料等课堂教学资源。
6.课后作业:根据教学内容,设计多样化的课后作业。作业数量要适当,课时作业总量不超过30分钟。
7.教学反思:根据实施情况,对本节课的教学得失进行反思和总结。
五、评选办法
1.本次征集、评选活动,面向所有全市普通高中高
一、二年级全体语文任课教师。
2.本次征集、评选的教案,为课文详案,必须为经过实际的课堂教学验证,具有较高的课堂达成度的课时教案。
3.本次征集、评选的教案,必须为教师个人(或集体)独立编制、且与本人所带年级教学进度一致、随堂使用的课时教案。
4.参赛教案必须经过层层选拔产生。各高中学校要成立相应的评选组织机构,负责初评;教师个人申报的教案,不纳入评选范围。
5.评审以1周为周期,各单位力争周五完成推荐,下周一上午务必申报完毕。
6.市教研室组织相关专业人员组织评选,适时公示结果。 8.申报的教案应采用电子稿形式,发到指定邮箱。 附件:1.高中语文优秀教学设计课型模式
2.高中语文优秀教学设计(样案)
附件1:
高中语文优秀教学设计课型模式
现代文新授课
一、激趣导入,检查预习
结合文本思想内容、艺术特点,作者生评,写作背景等,借助语言、图片、音频视频等手段,设计精要的导入语,激发学习兴趣,打开学习突破口。
教师提前布臵预习任务,课堂上检查。预习任务以语言基础知识、文体、作者、疏通文本等方面的内容为主。
二、目标导航,自主阅读
目标的确定以中等学生知识水平为准,要兼顾“知识与能力”“过程与方法”“情感、态度与价值观”三维目标。
根据学习目标、结合文本特点从思路梳理、整体感知、关键语段、艺术特点等方面设计探究性问题。提出明确的自学要求,结合学案,组织学生自学。
要特别强调学生对文本的熟悉度,加强对文本的诵读,初探文意,形成对文本的整体认知。这是语文学习的基础和关键。
三、合作学习,交流探究
以问题的形式呈现,引导学生反复阅读文本,完成三个基本任务: ⑴语感生成:进行必要的听、说、读、写的训练。 ⑵情感萌发:在朗读中体会作品及作者的情感。
⑶思想积淀:培养正确的人生观和价值观、陶冶高尚的情操和形成健全的人格。
学习小组内部相互交流、研讨,解决自学过程中不能解决的问题;在教师指导下,班内交流发言,解决小组内不能解决的问题。学生不能解决的疑难问题是教师讲解的重点。
四、重点讲解,深度研习
适当引入与文本相关的延伸阅读或升华主题的内容,强化课堂教学内容。针对重点难点,教师“精讲”。讲授的内容要突出重点、难点,讲解问题透彻到位,始终把训练学生思维能力,培养学生独立解决问题的能力、主动学习的品质和创新意识放在首位。
五、当堂达标,拓展提高
选取与文本内容相近、文体相似的作品,文本赏析性作品或同一作者的作品,参照高考阅读题命制题目,以延伸阅读空间,开拓阅读视野,陶冶审美情趣,提高阅读能力。我们认为适当的课堂检测能有效的巩固课堂教学效果,进而促生学生的能力,提高学生的语文素养。
文言文新授课
一、导入新课,检查预习
结合文本思想内容、艺术特点,作者生评,写作背景等,借助语言、图片、音频视频等手段,设计精要的导入语,激发学习兴趣,打开学习突破口。
教师提前布臵预习任务,课堂上检查。预习任务以语言基础知识、文体、作者、疏通文本等方面的内容为主。
二、明确目标,安排自学
学习目标要紧扣文本,尽量涵盖“知识技能、过程方法、情感态度价值观”三个方面,但又要根据情况有所侧重,不宜面面俱到。根据学习目标、结合文本特点从思路梳理、整体感知、关键语段、艺术特点等方面设计探究性问题。提出明确的自学要求,结合学案,组织学生自学。要特别强调学生对文本的熟悉度,加强对文本的诵读,这是语文学习的基础和关键。
三、合作学习,交流探究
学习小组内部相互交流、研讨,解决自学过程中不能解决的问题;在教师指导下,班内交流发言,解决小组内不能解决的问题。学生不能解决的疑难问题是教师讲解的重点。
在充分自学的基础上,尽量鼓励学生自己解决文本翻译的问题。必要时可以把译文发给学生(或者让学生在对照注视互相探讨后,再
把文言文译文发到学生手中,或者运用电子幻灯片把译文展示给学生),让学生对照文言文原文和译文加深理解。
四、教师重点讲解
讲解重点词语和句式,适当回顾以前学过的文言现象,构成小的知识板块。
五、讨论、点拨
讨论、点拨文章思想内涵、艺术特色等。不能把文言文教学变成古代汉语教学,要充分重视对古代作品的思想、情感等极其丰富的人文内涵的挖掘,学习其高超的艺术表达技巧。否则,文言文教学就变成了枯燥乏味的痛苦过程。
六、检测反馈
选取与文本内容相近、文体相似的作品,文本赏析性作品或同一作者的作品,参照高考阅读题命制题目,以延伸阅读空间,开拓阅读视野,陶冶审美情趣,提高阅读能力。我们认为适当的课堂检测能有效的巩固课堂教学效果,进而促生学生的能力,提高学生的语文素养。
要特别重视背诵和默写。
写作训练课
就写作的某一方面——文体、结构、语言、表达等进行片断讲练。
一、课前准备
教师根据讲练内容提前印发材料,以备课堂分析研究使用。
二、明确目标,自主研读
明确本节课要解决的问题及达成的目标,学生对材料进行自主研读,归纳文段特点。
三、讨论交流
在老师的引导下,组内讨论,班内交流,共同总结写作规律。
四、练习提高
布臵片断写作任务,学生进行写作练习。要求学生写作时仿照所研读的文段特点,依照所总结的写作规律进行,写作水平不高的学生可以“照葫芦画瓢”。
五、习作交流修改
班内交流习作,师生共同点评;学生修改自己的习作。
作文讲评课
一、教师览阅
教师收上作文后,快速翻阅,根据此次作文的训练重点,找出学生作文中存在的带有普遍性的问题。印发范文和供修改的中档作文各一至二篇。
二、中档作文修改
教师讲解本次作文要求和学生写作中存在的主要问题和批改要求。
师生分析范文的可借鉴处,修改印发的中档作文。就中档作文的存在的明确不足,让学生充分地发表意见,并进行修改,通过学生个体的修改行为发现中档作文与优秀作文存在的差距,掌握作文“提档”的方法和诀窍。
三、互批交流
随机发放作文,每四人一组,选出组长一人,对组中的四篇作文讨论批改。由一位同学执笔,写出眉批、旁批、总批等。
每组推荐优秀作文,在全班交流;作者谈写作体会,其它同学谈感想评价。
作者与批阅者“面对面”交换意见。
四、自我修改
学生根据老师的指导意见、同学的修改意见和自己对此次作文的再认识,全面修改自己的作文。必要时进行二次重作。
要高度重视对学生作文重作的要求。修改和重写是作文教学中十分重要的一环,对学生写作水平的提高有着极为重要的作用。
五、检查反馈
教师课后再次将作文收齐,检查批改情况和修改、重写情况并向学生反馈。
从写作到修改再到反馈,一个作文教学过程的时间最多不超过一周。
专题复习课
一、明确任务,自学定向
教师布臵学习任务,明确学习目标,提出自学指导意见,组织学生结合教材和导学案自学。在学生自学过程中,教师巡回指导,发现问题。
要紧扣课程标准(或考纲考点)提出明确的复习目标,让学生知道学什么,怎样学,用多长时间,达到什么要求,如何检测。
二、学生自学,探究交流
学生自学研究典型例题,自行构建知识框架,总结应用规律;学习小组内部研讨;班内交流发言。
三、教师重点讲解
针对学生在自学和交流过程中出现的问题,教师通过典型例题分析和变式题目重点讲解,以消除学生的错误认识,帮助学生走出思维误区,构建扎实的知识框架,提高应用规律和方法解决实际问题的能力。
四、检测反馈,巩固提高
利用导学案或随堂检测题对当堂所学内容进行检测。检测之后,教师总结讲解。随堂检测必须由学生独立完成,以确保检测结果的真实有效性。
测试讲评课
一、准备工作
教师的工作:批阅试题,全面了解学生的答题情况;进行数据统计,掌握不同类型学生存在的知识、能力和思维等方面存在的问题。可把答案提前印发给学生。
学生的工作:分析失误原因——知识理解错误、方法选择失误、非智力因素失误等;查阅工具书,解决字音字形、近义词、成语等知识性问题。
二、反馈情况,明确重点
简要分析数据,反馈答题情况。明确讲评重点和需要学生解决的问题。
三、自我校正、合作交流
对照答案,自查自纠。让学生独立地对照答案分析错解的原因(包括知识、思路、方法、技巧、规范等方面),更正答案。
对于学生自查自纠还没有解决的问题,实施合作学习。以学生的智慧,进一步促进认识、理解的深化。教师应及时调研情况,掌握学生思维。)
学习小组内部相互交流、研讨,共同解决个人不能解决的问题;全班交流发言,解决小组内不能解决的问题。不能解决的疑难问题作为教师讲解的重点。在此过程中要让学生充分暴露思维错误和知识缺陷。
四、针对难点,教师精讲
根据通过率或者试卷(作业)批阅情况确定讲授重点,引导学生进行归类、分析问题的成因,从答题方法、答题技巧等方面入手,帮助学生理清答题的思路和方法。
针对重点难点,教师“精讲”讲解要透彻到位,始终把训练学生思维能力,培养学生独立解决问题的能力、主动学习的品质和创新意识放在首位。在讲解过程中要切实做到“三讲三不讲”。
五、反思总结,开拓外延
教师要指导学生写出试卷总结,剖析自己存在的问题,制定切实可行的解决方案。
针对试卷中具有较大灵活性和“剖析”有余地的试题,进行变式训练和拓展训练,开拓学生的思维视野,从而达到举一反三的目的。
根据普遍出现的问题和学生的反馈情况,教师在课后下发对应的补偿性训练题,以强化对试卷中问题的进一步理解和巩固。
第二篇:淄博市高中教学“三课型,五环节”
淄博市学案导学三课型课堂教学基本环节
第一部分新课授课基本环节
基本环节:创设情景、导入新课—自主探究、合作学习—成果展示、汇报交流—归纳总结、提升拓展—反馈训练、巩固落实。
一、创设情境、导入新课
教师根据课题内容和特点,通过联系生产与生活实际素材、演示实验或对已有知识的拓展深化手段,创设问题情景导入研究课题,调动起学生学好本节课的欲望,引导学生积极思维、大胆质疑(问题驱动)。
二、自主探究、合作学习
该环节一般采取学生先个人自主探究学案内容,在自主探究学习的基础上小组内进行交流。具体要求如下:
1、确定学习目标,通过学案让学生分小组进行自主学习,完成学案相关内容,整理重点和难点。
2、自主学习侧重于自觉主动地发现问题、解决问题。对个人解决不了的问题进行整理向小组提出,本小组解决不了的问题向其他小组(老师)提出。
3、教师及时巡视,适时点拔。既要发现好的做法,同时也要及时发现学生存在疑难问题。
4、自主学习要有时间要求,要让学生在规定的时间内完成相应的任务。
三、成果展示、汇报交流
1、以学习小组为单位展示探究的成果。通过板演、问答和多媒体演示等形式进行展示汇报交流。
2、师生合作共同对问题进行理解、分析和阐释。教师要适时引导、激发生学讨论、辩论等,完成学生思维的碰撞,通过师生互动,实现提出问题、解决问题的能力提升。
四、归纳总结、提升拓展
1、针对本节课的基本知识、基本能力和基本方法,结合教师在教学中已有经验和学生提出的问题,进行归纳总结、拓展提升。要注重知识内涵与外延的挖掘及与学过的联系,并选取难度适中的典型题目进行应用训练;要注意知识的拓展与提升,澄清学生思维认识上的疑、难点。
2、引导学生自主归纳总结,理清知识结构,总结解题步骤,掌握法律和方法。要突出教材中基本概念、基本规律和基本特征与方法的掌握,突出学习态度的培养和总结反思习惯的养成,
3、及时对小组探究学习情况进行评价。
五、反馈训练、巩固落实
1、根据学案中的相应内容,进行典型习题的巩固性练习。
2、进行变式训练,掌握和巩固知识的多样性与多元化,提高学生的解题能力与应变技巧。
3、学生做完学案后上交,教师全批全改,督促学生完成学案并了解学生答题情况,使教师的教学更有针对性和提高课堂教学效率。
第二部分复习课基本环节
基本环节:问题驱动、自主学习—重点难点、合作探究—知识梳理、点拔归纳—典例评析、深化提高—变式巩固、拓展完善。
一、问题驱动、自主学习
1、按照考试大纲对知识点和能力的要求,为学生设计自主学习式提纲和针对性练习题,以学案形式呈现。
2、学生按照学案内容自主完成学习提纲和针对练习题的内容。复习巩固知识要点,掌握主干知识和规律。
二、重点难点、合作探究
1、对通过自主学习难以解决的问题、理解不到位的难点疑点,小组内进行合作学习,通过讨论、争辩掌握重点、理解难点、消除疑点。
2、对合作学习难以解决的问题或感到疑惑的问题,向老师和全班同学提出。
三、知识梳理、点拔归纳
1、教师结合课堂上学生讨论情况和小组提出的问题,对本节课的突出问题、重点知识进行归类,引导学生梳理知识点,构建知识网络。
2、教师结合小组提出的问题对本节的重点知识、难点、疑点进行重点讲解,对相关理论和规律进行归纳、拓展。
四、典例评析、深化提高
1、结合本节课的重点、难点和疑点为学生出示有针对性的例题和探究性问题。
2、学生独立完成问题的解答,对难度较大的,小组内可进行合作学习。
3、以小组为单位展示探究结果和思维过程。教师适时引导学生质疑、提问,通过师生之间,生生之间的思维碰撞,形成科学的解题思路和方法。
4、结合学生讨论情况,教师适时指导学生正确的分析问题,规范的解答问题。灵活的应用知识,提升对知识的理解和应用。
五、变式巩固、拓展完善
1、针对本节课的重点、难点和疑点内容,选择适量的变式练习进行课堂训练,达到熟练、巩固和提升的目的。
2、教师及时巡视,把握学生的训练状况,并适时评析,对重点的内容进一步强调和拓展。
3、教师要引导学生进行反思总结,归纳整理,前挂后联,完善知识体系。典型的问题要在错题本上做好整理记录。
第三部分讲评课基本环节
基本环节:自查自纠—合作交流—问题汇报—教师点拔—梳理巩固。
一、自查自纠 (教师对试卷必须全批全改,并对典型问题和出错较为集中的问题作好记录)
1、发放答案,对照自查。让学生独立地对照答案分析错题的原因(包括知识、思路、方法、技巧、规范等方面),更正解题过程与结果。
2、教师进行巡视指导。
二、合作交流
1、对于学生自查自纠还没有解决的问题,实施合作学习。个人提出问题,其他同学解答或小组内进行讨论、争辩等。以学生之间的智慧共享,进一步促进认识、理解的深化。
2、教师巡视各组讨论,及时调控讲座情况,掌控学生思维的脉搏。
三、问题汇报
1、对有争议的问题和小组未解决的问题,由小组长进行整理并集中时间汇报。
2、对各组展示的问题,教师必须进行二次备课,对学生所提问题进行归纳,分析形成的原因,理清引导学生解决问题的思路和方法。
四、教师点拔
对学生所提较为集中的问题,教师要从原因分析入手,从概念、规律认识、理解的深刻性、全面性方面,从解题方法、技巧的灵活性方面,从解题过程的规范性方面,从题干情景和设问的变化性等方面进行重点讲解、举一反三,实施重锤敲击。
五、梳理巩固
1、学生梳理错题解答的规律与方法,完成满分卷。
2、根据试卷中出现集中的问题和学生的反馈情况,教师在课后投放一组对应的补偿训练题(注意针对性),以强化对试卷中问题的进一步理解和巩固。训练题的选择要注意对错题进行变式处理,通过改变条件、背景或设问,进一步开拓学生思路,增强适应能力和迁移能力。
在实际操作中教师可以据实际情况对某些教学环节作适度调节,给学生足够的时间与空间自主探究、合作交流,使教学过程自然流畅,使教学内容在教师与学生、学生与学生之间的多边活动中得到有效的落实,达到事半功倍的效果。
第三篇:高中数学概念课型及其教学设计
谭国华
【专题名称】高中数学教与学 【专 题 号】G312 【复印期号】2014年02期
【原文出处】《中学数学研究》(广州)2013年6上期第4~8页 【作者简介】谭国华,广州市教育局教研室(510030).
在我国高中数学教学中,有按课型特点设计和组织教学的传统.但是,对于如何划分课型以及如何认识每一类课的一般结构特点等问题,一直以来都未得到很好的解决.究其原因,主要是我们过去对高中数学课型的研究基本上是依据广大教师的教学实践经验,对课型结构特点的归纳总结,或者只是泛泛而谈,提出一些基本原则,缺乏可操作性;或者因人而异,不同人的观点有很大的不同.因此,原有的课型理论对课堂教学的指导作用有限. 在过去,由于受教育心理学特别是教学心理学发展所限,要想用心理学的研究成果来指导中小学课堂教学的研究也是心有余而力不足,更别说是用来指导课型的研究.但现在的情况大不相同了.从1980年代以来,教育心理学与中小学课堂教学的关系越来越紧密,对中小学课堂教学的指导作用越来越直接而有力.近几年,我们借助教育心理学的研究成果,特别是学习心理学和教学心理学的研究成果指导课型的研究,取得较为可喜的成效.具体做法是,一方面使高中数学课型的理论保持我国传统课型理论中课型的整体性与综合性特点,以方便操作;同时,融入现代学习理论关于学习分类的观点,对每一种课型中涉及的主要知识的类型及其学习的过程、有效学习的条件进行深入的分析,以此为高中数学教学设计奠定坚实的科学基础.本文仅对有关高中数学概念课型及其教学设计的研究成果作简要介绍.
一、高中数学概念课型的基本特点
我国传统的课型概念有两种含义:一是指课的类型,它是按某种分类基准(或方法)对各种课进行分类的基础上产生的.例如,《中国大百科全书。教育卷》(1985年版)中关于课的类型,是指根据不同的教学任务或按一节课主要采用的教学方法来划分课的类别.二是指课的模型,它是在对各种类型的课在教学观、教学策略、教材、教法等方面的共同特征进行抽象、概括的基础上形成的模型、模式.在这种意义下,课型可以看作是微观的课堂教学模式. 本文所指的课型主要是指课的类型,是根据一节课(有时是连续的两节或三节课)承担的主要教学任务来划分的,但是同时它也兼具课的模型的含义. 这是因为根据教学心理学的有关理论,不同的教学任务分属不同的知识类型,而不同类型知识的学习过程与学习所需的内、外部条件是不同的,这就导致了不同的课堂教学结构.具有某种特点的课堂教学结构实际上就是微观的课堂教学模式,也即是课的模型. 在高中数学教学中,数学概念可以划分为原始概念和定义性概念.原始概念一般是通过对一系列的例证直接观察和归纳而习得,这类概念一般不需单独设课讲授,只需结合其他概念或规则的学习附带进行即可习得.而定义性概念中的那些次要的和易学的数学概念往往也不单独设课讲授.但是,在高中数学概念中,有许多重要的定义性概念往往是要单独设课讲授的,这一类课是具有共同的课堂教学结构特点的,于是,我们将这一类需要单独设课讲授的、重要的定义性概念课统称为高中数学概念课型. 1.教学任务分析
高中数学概念课型的主要教学任务是使学生掌握概念所反映的一类事物的共同本质属性,以及运用概念去办事,去解决问题.因此,高中数学概念学习主要应作为程序性知识学习. 根据学习心理学关于定义性概念的学习过程与条件的分析,高中数学概念教学有三项内容:一是要明确数学概念是什么,也就是要帮助学生习得概念,这将涉及前面提到的四个方面即概念的名称、定义、属性和例证的分析;二是要运用概念去办事,即将习得的数学概念运用到各种具体情境中去解决相应的问题;三是要辨明相关概念间的关系,形成概念系统.其中前两项内容完全属于高中数学概念课型的教学任务,第三项内容中一般只有部分内容属于概念课型的教学任务,形成完整的概念系统则属于高中数学复习课型的教学任务,我们将在复习课型中进行讨论. 2.学与教的过程和条件
高中数学概念学与教的一般过程可以以我国教育心理学家皮连生创立的“六步三段两分支”教学模型为线索进行分析.(具体内容请参见参考文献[1])
第一阶段:习得阶段
主要教学任务是帮助学生习得数学概念,明确数学概念是什么,重点是促进学生对所学数学概念的理解.教学中,帮助学生习得数学概念一般需要做好下面四件事情. 首先,揭示概念所反映的一类事物的本质属性,给概念下定义. 其次,辨别概念的正例和反例,并结合定义给予恰当的说明. 再次,用不同的语言形式对概念加以解释,如将概念的定义由文字语言表述转换为用符号语言或图形语言表述. 最后,对概念做深入分析,着重在以下四点:
①辨明所学数学概念与原有相关数学概念之间的关系;
②分析所学数学概念的其他一些重要属性或特征;
③分析所学数学概念及其形成过程中蕴含的数学思想方法;
④分析所学数学概念及其形成过程中蕴含的情感教育内容. 当然,并非每一个数学概念的教学都要完成所有这些事情.对于一些简单的、次要的数学概念,有时只需完成前三件事情就可以了. 习得概念的基本形式有两种:一种叫概念形成,另一种叫概念同化. ①概念形成这是一种从辨别概念的例证出发,逐渐归纳概括出概念的本质属性的学习方式,其心理机制可用奥苏贝尔的上位学习模式来解释.(具体内容见参考文献[1])
学与教的基本过程:
知觉辨别(提供概念的正例,引导学生分析概念例证的特征)→提出假设(对概念例证的共同本质特征作出假设)→检验假设,使假设精确化→概括(给概念下定义)→辨别概念的正例、反例(正例应有助于证实概念的本质属性,反例应有助于剔除概念的非本质属性)→用不同的语言形式对概念加以解释→对概念做深入分析(分析与相关数学概念之间的关系,揭示概念的其他一些重要属性或特征). 学习的内部条件(即学生自身应具备的条件):
学生必须能够辨别正、反例证. 学习的外部条件(即教学应提供的条件):
第一,必须为学生提供概念的正、反例,正例应有两个或两个以上,正例的无关特征应有变化,以帮助学生更好地辨别概念的本质属性和非本质属性;正例应连续呈现,最好能同时让学生意识到,以帮助学生形成概括. 第二,学生必须能从外界获得反馈信息,以检验其所做的假设是否正确. 第三,提供适当的练习,并给予矫正性反馈. 采用概念形成的学习方式涉及如何给概念下定义的问题.明确概念的定义方式,对于教师更好地分析概念以及促进学生形成概括是有帮助的.在高中数学中,对于一些重要的数学概念大多数采用属加种差的定义方式.这里的属是指属概念,种是指种概念.属概念和种概念是指具有包含关系的两个概念,即如果概念A的外延真包含概念B的外延,则称概念A为概念B的属概念,而概念B即为概念A的种概念.通常,也称概念A为概念B的上位概念,而概念B即为概念A的下位概念.可用公式表示:
被定义概念=种差+最邻近的属概念. 公式中,最邻近的属概念是指在被定义概念的所有上位概念中外延最小的上位概念(属概念),种差就是被定义概念在它的最邻近的属概念里区别于其他种概念的那些本质属性. 例如,一元二次不等式的定义是:只含有一个未知数且未知数的最高次数是2的不等式叫做一元二次不等式.这个定义中,被定义概念是一元二次不等式;最邻近的属概念是不等式;种差是“只含有一个未知数且未知数的最高次数是2”,这是一元二次不等式独有的而且能够将一元二次不等式与其他不等式区别开来的本质属性. ②概念同化概念同化是通过直接下定义来揭示一类事物的共同本质属性,从而习得概念的一种学习方式,其心理机制可用奥苏伯尔的下位学习模式来解释. 学与教的基本过程:
呈现概念的定义→分析定义,包括揭示概念的本质属性和构成定义的各部分的关系→辨别概念的正例、反例(正例应有助于证实概念的本质属性,反例应有助于剔除概念的非本质属性)→用不同的语言形式对概念加以解释→对概念做深入分析(分析与相关数学概念之间的关系,揭示概念的其他一些重要属性或特征). 学习的内部条件:
学生的原有认知结构中应具有同化新概念的适当的上位概念(或结构),而且这一上位概念(或结构)越巩固、越清晰就越有利于同化新的下位概念. 学习的外部条件:
第一,言语指导,以帮助学生更好地理解概念的本质属性. 第二,提供符合概念定义的正例和不符合概念定义的反例. 第三,提供适当的练习,并给以矫正性反馈. 第二阶段:转化阶段
第一阶段习得的概念仍属于概念的陈述性形式.若要运用概念对外办事,则还需将它转化为程序性形式,也就是转化为办事的技能.这是本阶段的主要教学任务,重点是要明确运用概念办事的情境和程序,并在一些典型的情境中尝试运用概念.转化的关键条件是要提供变式练习. 运用数学概念办事大致可分两种情况:一种是为数学概念自己办事,解决与数学概念本身有关的问题;另一种是运用概念的本质属性和一些重要的非本质属性去解决有关数学运算、推理、证明问题以及解决实际问题.例如,函数概念的运用,一种是为函数自己办事,如求函数的解析式、函数值、定义域、值域,作函数的图象,判定函数的单调性和奇偶性,求函数的最值等;另一种是运用函数的概念、图象、性质等解决与方程、数列、不等式等相关问题,或建立函数模型解决实际问题.函数概念教学及变式练习的重点就在于熟练掌握每一种情境中办事的程序和步骤. 第三阶段:迁移与应用阶段
这是第二阶段的延伸.通过变式练习,学生已能在一些典型的情境中运用概念,已初步形成运用概念对外办事的技能.本阶段是要进一步提供概念应用的新情境,以促进迁移,其关键条件是提供综合练习.综合练习中问题的类型或情境应多样化,和第二阶段相比有类似的,也有新的呈现,以有效地帮助学生在不同情境中独立运用概念解决问题.这一阶段既可在课内完成,也可在课外完成,但通常都要反复多次才能完成. 3.高中数学概念课教学的基本程序
根据上面的分析,结合广义知识学与教的“六步三段两分支”教学模型,我们可以将高中数学概念课型教学的基本程序简要归纳为:
第一阶段:习得阶段(习得数学概念)
(1)引起注意与告知目标,使学生对学习新概念产生一定的预期,从而激发学生的学习动机. (2)提示学生回忆原有知识,以便为同化新概念做好准备. (3)引入概念,使学生初步感知概念的本质属性.这里,既要从学生接触过的具体内容引入,也要注意从数学内部提出问题. (4)采用概念形成或概念同化的形式帮助学生习得概念的陈述性形式,即理解概念. 第二阶段:转化阶段(将习得的概念转化为办事的技能)
(5)通过变式练习促进学生将习得的陈述性形式的概念转化为程序性形式,即转化为办事的技能. 第三阶段:迁移与应用阶段(运用概念对外办事)
(6)通过课外作业、复习、间隔练习和在后续课程内容中应用概念等多种形式,为学生提供概念应用的情境,促进保持与迁移. 根据高中数学教学的特点,第
一、二两个阶段的5步通常是在课内完成.第三阶段即第6步为概念的巩固、迁移和应用阶段,通常是在课外和后续的课程中完成. 对于以学案自学为主的教学则需考察其学案编写以及教师课堂上提供的帮助是否有助于学生完成学习的三个阶段.
二、高中数学概念课型教学设计举例
下面以《对数函数及其性质》(具体内容见参考文献[2]第2.2.2节)的教学过程分析为例,具体说明高中数学概念课型的教学设计过程. 1.教学任务分析
本节教材有两项学习内容:
(1)对数函数的概念;
(2)反函数的概念. 第(1)项内容属于定义性概念学习,需达到掌握水平.对对数函数概念的学习需采用数形结合方法从数和形两个方面展开. 第(2)项内容也属于定义性概念学习.高中数学课程标准对反函数的学习要求已经降低.本课学习反函数的概念,主要为了帮助学生明确对数函数和指数函数间的关系,从而深化对数函数概念的理解.因此,本节教材主要是对数函数概念的学习,反函数概念的学习只需达到了解水平即可. 本节教材的主要教学任务是对数函数概念的教学,属于概念课型,需按高中数学概念课的课型特点来设计整个教学过程.具体教学要做到三点:
第一,要帮助学生明确对数函数概念是什么,包括四个方面:对数函数的定义、名称、例证和属性.根据函数的特点,对对数函数属性的讨论应包括形和数两个方面. 第二,要运用对数函数概念去办事,教材主要要求能解决三方面问题:求对数型函数的定义域,比较两个对数值的大小,解决简单的实际问题. 第三,要明确对数函数与指数函数及函数的关系.其中,辨明对数函数概念与指数函数概念的关系需要先介绍反函数概念. 本节教材一般应安排2课时.第1课时学习对数函数的概念、图象与性质.第2课时学习运用对数函数解决简单的两数大小比较、运用对数函数模型解决简单实际问题和反函数概念.为了帮助学生形成运用对数函数概念去办事的能力,需要补充适量的变式练习题. 2.教学的基本过程
第一阶段:习得阶段.习得对数函数的概念. 第一步 引起注意与告知目标. 通过本课的学习,学生应能做到:
(1)初步掌握对数函数的概念.包括:
①能陈述对数函数的定义,并能列举正例、反例加以说明;
②能用描点法画出具体对数函数的图象,并能用自己的话描述一般对数函数的图象特征和基本性质;
③能根据对数函数的单调性比较两个对数值的大小. (2)了解反函数的概念,进一步明确对数函数和指数函数之间的关系. (3)通过对实际问题的分析,能初步认识到对数函数模型与现实生活以及与其他学科的密切联系和应用价值,提高数学应用的意识. 第二步 复习原有知识. 对本课学习影响较大的原有知识,一是函数概念和指数函数概念,二是描点法画函数的图象.对数函数的定义是属加种差的定义方式,函数是其上位概念,也是其最邻近的属概念.因此,在学习新课之前,应帮助学生回忆函数和指数函数的定义,以及函数图象的画法. 第三步 采用概念同化方式习得对数函数的定义. 习得对数函数的定义可以采用概念形成的方式,也可以采用概念同化的方式.如采用概念形成方式则需列举两至三个正例.我们这里是采用概念同化方式. (1)引入概念
教材提供了一个引例:通过碳14的含量测量出土文物的年代.这个引例能起两方面的作用:一是使学生初步感知对数函数的概念;二是使学生认识对数函数的应用价值,激发学生的学习动机.教师应引导学生观察教材中给出的t和P的取值的对应表,体会“对每一个碳14的含量P的取值,通过对应关系的函数. (2)呈现并分析定义
根据对数函数的定义方式,分析时要讲清两点:一是最邻近的属概念,二是种差.在对数函数的定义中,最邻近的属概念是函数,函数与对数函数构成了上下位关系,即对数函数是一种函数;种差是指两个变量间的对应关系为
(a>0,且a≠1),种差也就是对数函数
,都有唯一的生物死亡年数t与之对应”,从而说明t是P区别于其他函数的本质属性,即对数函数是一类特殊的函数. 分析定义的目的是为了帮助学生形成对定义的深入理解.教师可以提出一些问题供学生思考.例如:定义中为什么要规定a>0,且a≠1?为什么对数函数义域是(0,+∞)?
(3)列举正例与反例
通过列举正例、反例,帮助学生进一步加深对概念的理解. 第四步 采用概念形成方式习得对数函数的图象与性质.
(a>0,且a≠1)的定 对各种不同的函数的概念学习都包括数和形两个方面,画函数图象既是为了获得函数的性质,也是为了从形的方面更好地理解函数概念.将图象上观察到的共同特征用代数语言表达出来,就得到一类函数的性质.这一过程体现了数形结合的基本思想. (1)在同一坐标系内采用描点法画出对数函数的图象
应分01两种情况,每种情况至少举两个对数函数的例子,在同一坐标系内采用描点法画出它们的图象.有的教师在教学时,每种情况都只举一例,这是不能形成对共有的关键特征的概括的.有的教师说教材也只举一例,这是不对的.教材中有一段话:“选取底数a(a>0,且a≠1)的若干个不同的值,在同一平面直角坐标系内作出相应的对数函数的图象.观察图象,你能发现它们有哪些共同特征吗?”教学时应落实教材的这个意图. (2)通过观察图象的特征,概括出一般对数函数的性质</a
观察和分析图象,归纳它们的共同特征和性质,并由此概括出一般对数函数的图象特征和性质. 第二阶段:转化阶段.将习得的对数函数概念转化为办事的技能. 第五步 样例学习和变式练习
这一步主要任务是帮助学生学会如何运用概念去办事,其核心是掌握运用的方法与步骤.根据教材的要求,分为三种情况. (1)运用对数函数定义解决求对数型函数的定义域问题
教材中提供了两个例题,均属于对数型的函数. 教学中应结合这两个例题分析对数型函数与对数函数的异同,以及总结求这类函数定义域的基本方法. 例1 求函数数的定义域: (a>0,且a≠1)的定义域. 通过样例学习后让学生小结求对数型函数的定义域的步骤,并进行变式练习.如求下列函 (2)运用对数函数性质解决比较两个对数值大小的问题
教材中提供了三个例题,三个例题分属三种类型.教学中应结合这三个例题,总结运用对数函数的单调性比较两个对数值的大小的基本方法.同样,先学习样例,然后再进行变式练习. 例2 比较下列两个值大小:
在学习例2时,教师可以提出一些问题引发学生的思考.如本题的第①、②小题都可以直接使用计算器计算,然后比较大小.但第③小题则不行.有没有其他统一的方法解决这一类型的问题呢?这种统一的方法实际上就是:利用数形结合,画出图象,再利用函数的单调性则可以比较大小. 利用函数的单调性比较大小,将设及构造函数. 那么如何构造函数呢?三个小题中的底数不变,真数变化,则可以构造函数:
教师引导学生小结:根据对数函数的单调性比较两个对数值的大小的步骤为:
第1步:依据对数的特点构造对数函数;
第2步:判断函数单调性,有时需要分类讨论;
第3步:利用单调性比较大小,下结论. (3)运用对数函数模型解决简单实际问题
教材提供了一个溶液酸碱度测量问题.通过这一例题,不仅要使学生初步掌握运用对数函数模型解决简单实际问题的方法,而且要帮助学生初步认识到对数函数模型与现实生活以及与其他学科的密切联系,同时,教师还可通过对“对数函数模型”的应用(如航天技术、考古学、生物学等领域)的大致介绍,使学生进一步体会到对数函数模型的应用价值,提高数学应用意识.数学应用意识属于学习分类中的态度学习,亦即数学中情感态度价值观的学习. 第六步 习得反函数概念
对反函数概念只需达到了解水平,知道指数函数与对数函数是互为反函数即可.具体教学中,可以请学生先阅读教材中的有关内容,然后思考以下问题:
①我们知道表示y是x的函数,由
可以得到
,教材上说x也是y的函数,请尝试用自己的话说明理由. ②教材上说和y=
都表示函数
的反函数,这是何原因?
(a<0,且a≠1) ③请用自己的话说明指数函数是互为反函数.
(a<0,且a≠1)与对数函数y= 第三阶段:迁移与应用阶段.运用对数函数概念对外办事. 第七步 提供技能应用的情境(相似的和不同的情境),促进迁移. 提供课外作业以及在后续课程中提供运用对数函数概念办事的机会. 【参考文献】
[1]皮连生.学与教的心理学(第五版)[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社.2009. [2]刘绍学主编.普通高中课程标准实验教科书·数学必修1(A版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2007.^
第四篇:高中英语各种话题作文
高中英语“话题作文”背诵范文及配套练习
40个话题,40篇范文,40个写作练习。背熟这些文章,会为写作打下坚实的基础;完成40篇作文练习,会学以致用。
1 人际关系
Teachers and students should live in harmony with each other. Firstly, teachers respect the personalities and characteristics of their students. Secondly, teachers should love their students attentively and treat each student fairly. On the other hand, students should respect their teachers and admit their work and achievements although they have different opinions from their teachers. Only in this way can teachers and students trust each other and get along well.
作文练习:Friendship
写作提示:友谊的重要性;互相信任才有真诚的友谊;如何使友谊之树长青。
2 语言学习
Recently, to improve the students’ listening and speaking abilities, the English teacher in Class 3 conducted a survey among the whole class on whether they should have a three-minute speech in English at the beginning of a period. According to the survey, 65% of the students firmly support the idea, for they think this method will be helpful to their English learning and it is a good chance for them to practise their listening ability as well as speaking ability. However, 35% of the students are strongly against it, saying that it costs the limited time in class. What’s worse, if they can not make sense of the speeches, they will lose confidence in learning English. As for me, I think it is a good idea to have a three minutes’ speech at the beginning of a period because I believe practice makes perfect.
作文练习:How I Learn English 写作提示:学好英语重要;过去学不好英语的原因;现在的方法(听、读、写);结论。
3 旅游交通
Guangzhou, with a history of 2,200 years, is known as “the flower city”, which is the starting place of “the silk road on sea” in ancient China. It has a population of 10 million and an area of 7,434.4 square kilometers. Guangzhou lies on the south China sea, with Hong Kong to the southeast and Macao to the south. It is rich in traveling resources, such as the famous “eight scenery of Yangcheng”. Tourists from home and abroad are attracted by its beautiful scenery.
作文练习1:Bikes—an Important Means of Transport
写作提示:中国号称自行车王国;自行车便宜、避免交通堵塞、健身;自行车与汽车的比较;自行车的未来。
作文练习2:A Happy Journey 写作提示:旅行前;旅行中;旅行结束及感受。
4 自然灾害
Earthquakes now happen more frequently than before, so it is necessary for us to know how to protect ourselves. If you are inside a building when an earthquake strikes, you mustn’t rush out without order but hide yourself under some hard furniture with your head and neck protected by your arms or bag, avoiding things that hang above your head, like ceiling, lamps, fans and so on. Besides, when you run for safe shelters, don’t forget to cover your head with something hard. What’s more, you should put out fire, turn off the gas and electricity and stop using the lift. Once you are outdoors, try to get into an open area away from trees, buildings, walls, signs and power lines.
作文练习:A Thunderstorm
写作提示:暴风雨前;暴风雨中;暴风雨后。
5 崇拜偶像
Born in a poor family in Chongqing on September 7, 1937, Yuan Longping studied hard, showing great interest in agriculture. As a matter of fact, since his graduation from university in 1953, Yuan has done research on rice for over half a century, devoting all his time and energy to the study of agriculture. Because of his research, China’s rice production is increasing rapidly, solving the problem of the lack of food for many countries. As a result, he is honored as “Father of Hybrid Rice” and was rewarded with many prizes for his great contributions to the world. Though he is famous, he lives a simple life and cares little money and fame.
作文练习:The Person I Admire Most 写作提示:最崇敬的人是英语老师;外貌描写;老师耐心、课精彩有趣、教学安排好;结论。
6 历史文化
The Great Wall, the longest wall in the world, is one of the greatest architectures in ancient China. The structure which was built in a time when countries were at war, once served as a barrier to keep out invading enemies. It remains a mystery how people built the Great Wall without the help of any high technology two thousand years ago. But there is no doubt that the Great Wall, with rich history and magnificent appearance, attracts a great number of tourists, scientists and historians every year. All visitors think highly of the wisdom of ancient Chinese. 作文练习:Protect the Cultural Heritage
写作提示:文化遗产的意义;为什么要保护我国的文化遗产;中国政府设立了一个“保护文化遗产节”;你对保护文化遗产的建议。
7 体育活动
Dear editor,
I am Li Hua, a reader of your paper. I am writing to tell you some suggestions on how to make the best of the stadiums after the 29 Olympic Games were hosted in Beijing.
First of all, the stadiums can be opened to the public, where they can strengthen their bodies conveniently. Secondly, the stadiums can be rented to sports companies which organize matches, thus bringing in much more profits. Last but not least, they can be used as tourist attractions, because many of them are so well designed with strong Chinese features that they will surely be attractions for visitors from all over the world. thFrom my point of view, we should do what we can to make full use of the sadiums and only when we take action can we bring a bright future to their value.
I would appreciate it very much if you would take my advice into deep consideration.
Yours,
Li Hua
作文练习:The Benefits of Sports and Games
写作提示:运动的益处1;运动的益处2;运动的益处3;结论。
8 网络时代
Nowadays the Internet is more and more popular among middle school students and I think it’s a good way of studying. Through a computer, we can download all kinds of information we need, discuss questions with teachers and share our learning experience with classmates.
However, some middle school students have formed some bad habits on the Internet. For example, they spend a lot of time playing computer games and chatting online, which is a waste of time and ernergy. In my opinion, we should kick off bad habits and make good use of the Internet.
作文练习:My View on the Internet Shopping
写作提示:网购日渐流行;网购方便、物品多、便宜;网购不能亲眼目睹物品、足不出户缺乏交流、担心资金安全;结论。
9 生物保护
At the back of my village, there is a wild zone, covering about one square kilometre. Ten years ago, many little animals, such as hares, wildcats and many kinds of snakes, lived here in peace. However, many of the little animals have been hunted for food recently, and as a result, the number of them is decreasing. Therefore, if this situation isn’t paid attention to or some measures aren’t taken, these litle animals will die out soon. Fortunately, in order to protect the remaining little animals from being hunted, many villagers suggest that the public awareness of protecting animals should be raised and a reserve should be built in the zone.
作文练习:Save the Wild Animal
写作提示:城市化、杀虫剂、污染、猎杀使野生动物面临灭绝的危险;提出解决问题的方法;结论。
10 文娱活动 Notice
The Students’ Union has decided to organize a music week, which will be held at the school meeting hall in the second week of July. The activities include singing pop songs and playing classical and folk music. Bring your own musical instruments and a music contest will be included, too. The students taking part in the contest will listen to part of a song or a piece of music, and then guess where it comes from. If you would like to take part in the music week, please come and sign up for it before June 20. The Students’ Union
作文练习:School Activities
写作提示:对待课余活动的态度有“热情”和“冷淡”两种;两种态度的表现;你的态度;结论。
11 节假活动
th
The Dragon Boat Festival, which falls on lunar May 5, has a long history of more than 2,000 years. The Dragon Festival is held in memory of the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan during the Warring States period. He drowned himself on the day when hearing his country had been conquered. This festival is celebrated by eating rice dumplings and racing dragon boats. Originally, rice dumplings were thrown into the river to feed the fishes and dragon boat races were meant to scare the fishes away, both of which were used to protect Qu Yuan’s body.
作文练习:Spring Festival 写作提示:春节是团聚和娱乐的节日;描述团聚;描述娱乐;结尾。
12 健康饮食
Dear friends,
As we all know, we are what we eat. Therefore, it’s important for us to form healthy eating habits.
However, some students have formed a variety of bad eating habits, such as not having breakfast, eating snacks, being particular about food, eating and drinking too much and so on, which will surely do harm to their health.
thTo keep healthy, we should have healthy diets. Not only should we have various foods, like fish, meat, vegetables, fruits as well as rice, noodles but also we should have the foods regularly and properly. Personallly, I think it is important to keep a healthy diet, which contributes to building up a strong body.
作文练习:On Dieting
写作提示:随着社会经济的发展人们越来越注意饮食;节食的好处;节食不当的危害;结论。
13 财富人生
Last Monday, our class had a discussion about “which is more important, health or wealth?”, the results of which are as follows. Some students think that health is more important than wealth for the reason that money cant’t buy a healthy body. If people are not healthy, they can’t work or study well, so health is the most important thing in the world. However, others believe wealth means everything because they think that wealth or having a lot of money can help them to do what they want to do. What’s more, they even have the idea that they can buy happiness with money.
作文练习:Fashion 写作提示:时尚给人以美感;时尚天天在变;追求时尚是否值得;结论。
14 航天科技
Dear Tom,
How is everything? I’m writing to let you know about an English Evening and invite you to join us. The English Evening will start at 7:30 p.m. on April 21th and will be held in the English club. By that time, we will have a face-to-face talk in English with our spaceman—Zhai Zhigang, who would like to share his space experience with us. What’s more, we can have pictures taken with him and exchange small gifts. We will be providing some fruits and drinks for the evening, but we suggest you bring some food with you if you like. I believe everyone will have a wonderful time at the English Evening.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
作文练习:Hail China’s First Manned Space Flight
写作提示:2003年10月15日神舟5号载着杨利伟成功进入太空,中国人实现了太空梦;载人宇宙飞行表明我国科技的进步;第二步是太空行走、发射太空实验室;第三步是建立太空站;年轻人要加倍努力迎接挑战;结尾。
15 美丽世界
Canada is the second biggest country in the world, with an area of 9,976,000 square kilometers and a population of slightly over 30 million. It is located in the north part of the North American continent, with the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Pacific on the west, and borders the US on the south. English and French are official languages spoken in Canada. Ottawa is one of the most beautiful capitals in the world. And it is a good place for people to settle down.
作文练习:The Beautiful Undersea World
写作提示:这是一位小学生对海底的描述,请你参照该文用英语描述美丽的海底世界——海底好漂亮啊!海水清澈见底,好像进入了传说中的 “龙宫”,那博大的海底世界真让我陶醉。看,这里生长着千姿百态、五颜六色的各种珊瑚,它们被水流冲得摇摇摆摆,好像在伸展自己的腰,又好像在欢迎我们来到海底世界!还有许多五颜六色的热带鱼成群结队地游来游去,瞧,那披着红白相间外衣的漂亮小鱼儿,尾巴一摆一摆的,正在以那美丽而娇艳的身躯跳着精彩舞蹈!又瞧!那些绿色的小鱼,排着整齐的人字形队列,动作一致,尾巴也随着水流摆动着,真像一支强劲的军队在操炼!海底里还躺着许多贝壳,有大有小,它们的“嘴巴”一张一张的,好像在喝水。这里海底植物也真多,有海草、有海棠……那海草的“身体”摇来摇去,好像一条长蛇在爬动;那海棠缓缓地抖动着,好可爱哦!海底世界真是美丽极了。
16 巾帼英雄
Born in Wuhan, Hubei Province on Feb 26, 1982, Li Na is China’ No. 1 woman teenis player. As early as she was just 7, she started practising playing tennis, and became a professional tennis player in 1999. She once gave up tennis in 2002 and went to a university to study, but she came back to the sport two years later. The year 2011 has seen her achieve great success: she got the second place in the Austalian Open in January and won the championship in the French Open in June, and now ranks fourth in women tennis playes in the world. She is very popular as an easy-gong, humorous and confident sportswoman.
作文练习:My Mother
写作提示:我的母亲是世界上最可爱的人;品质1(通过事例说明);品质2(举例说明);结论。
17 农业技术
With the development of science and technology, more and more farmers prefer natural waste from animals to chemical fertilizers. They argue that putting natural waste from animals in their fields makes the soil richer in minerals and more fertile and it is good for the crops. When farmers use this kind of natural fertilizer, they keep air, soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemical. However, using chemical fertilizer will make the soil exhausted. In the meantime, chemical fertilizer will kill both helpful and harmful bacteria and pests and it will also pollute the environment.
作文练习:Organic Farming or Chemical Farming? 写作提示:化肥种植的食物危害多(举例说明);有机食物味道好营养丰富(举例说明);你的看法。
18 语言幽默
In our daily life, we can cultivate our sense of humour in the following ways: firstly, it is a good idea if we regain our smile so that we are not overcome by stress. Besides, when offended, it would be better if we respond with humor rather than hostility. Moreover, we are supposed to develop a silly plan to break a dard mood. What’s more, it is suggested that we create a humorous environment by posting funny sayings or signs. In addition, we’d better learn one simple joke each week and spread it around.
作文练习:Humour
写作提示:幽默的作用(举例说明);如何培养幽默感;结论。
19 肢体语言
Recently, a survey has been carried out on the levels of controlling different emotions across different cultures. As is shown in the survey, it’s not only the type of expression we display but also the way these expressions are interpreted that differs across cultures. Besides, it is Russians who most tightly control the display of their emotions, closely followed by the Japanese and South Koreans. What’s more, Americans displayed the least control over their facial expressions. Moreover, men are more likely to hide surprise and fear while women control disgust, contempt and anger and many other emotions.
作文练习:Body Language
写作提示:一次你使用肢体语言的经历(时间、地点、起因);肢体语言的重要性;更好地掌握肢体语的建议。
20 主题公园
The Window of the World is a theme park located in the western part of the city of Shenzhen, China. You can see vivid reproductions of the world’s wonders, historical heritages and famous scenic sites there. In all, it has about 130 reproductions of some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world. The 108-meter-tall Eiffel Tower dominates the skyline and the sight of the Pyramids and the Taj Mahal are all part of the appeal of this theme park. Since late 2004, when the Shenzhen Metro was opened, tourists have been able to reach the Window of the World conveniently by subway.
作文练习:Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain
写作提示:位于广州北部;4A级;28平方公里;主峰海拔382米;有七个景区;绿的海洋;广州之肺;观感。
21 科普知识
With the development of science and technology, people depend more and more heavily on technology, especially mobile phones and network, which are the main inventions of modern technology. They are completely parts of our daily life, which unavoidably leads to the human beings isolation. Then how do they affect our life?
Personally, on the one hand, they can be very helpful and convenient to people in need. They can not only broaden our knowledge about the world, but also reduce the distance between people around the world. Besides, they can also help us learn more about many fields of studies quickly on the Internet. They are very convenient to people who are busy with their jobs, and have brought about many positive changes in our lives.
On the other hand, both network and mobile phones may bring about some negative changes. For example, many children become so addicted to computer games that they stay up late frequently. Worse still, some students may look through some erotic webpages, which will affect them physically and mentally. Last but not least, the radiation is harmful to people’s eyes, especially to children’s.
In conclusion, both the network and mobile phones have advantages and disadvantages. I think that only if we students use them correctly in our study can we bring it into full play. 作文练习:Mobile Phones and Network 写作提示:网络与手机的好处(举例说明);网络与手机的弊端(举例说明);如何利用好手机和网络为学习服务。
22 国家地理
Australia and New Zealand have much in common and are alike in many ways. Located in the South Pacific, Australia and New Zealand both consist of two islands, where English is the official language. Besides, both the two countries are possession of a large sheep population and a major wool industry, from which people can benefit a lot. However, Australia has a population of twenty million, much larger than that of New Zealand, which is only four and a half million. What’s more, Australia’s land area is also much greater than that of New Zealand.
作文练习:National Geographic Magazine
写作提示:美国国家地理学会的官方杂志;1888年创刊;月刊;现任首席主编是著名的摄影记者克里斯•约翰斯(Chris Johns);内容包括地理、科普文章、历史、文化,、实事和照片;每个月以各种不同的语言出版9 百万册,拥有超过5百万的读者;世界上最广为人知的一本杂志。
23 计划愿望
The saying “Hope for the best and prepare for the worst” is really a philosophy of life. In my opinion, hope is just like a bright light shining all through the life and it provides us with full confidence, which is the key to success. However, hope alone means nothing when we make no efforts. We have to make full preparations to meet the coming challenge. Having prepared for the worst, we’ll never feel regretful.
As for myself, after the college entrance examination, I hope that I can be admitted into Sun Yat-sen University to major in finance. Moreover, I look forward to spending the coming summer holiday taking a part-time job in my sister’s company so as to enrich my life experiences and learn to be independent. Of course, I have to make some plans and preparations. If I am admitted to my ideal university, I will certainly devote myself to reading books or watching the TV programmes on finance. On the other hand, if I am not admitted, I will stick to my favorite dream and look for another university to continue my study.
作文练习:My Study Plan
写作提示:设想的学习计划;如何调整学习计划;对实施新计划的期待。
24 新闻报道
Huawen Middle School in Foshan City received a group of students from Britain last week. During their one-week stay in Foshan, the students experienced the campus life of Chinese students. They also visited some places of interest in Foshan and learned about the local culture. The British students were impressed by the kindness of Chinese students, cleanness of the city and delicious food here. At the invitation of a British school, 38 students in Huawen Middle School are to be sent Britain for an exchange visit next March.
作文练习:My Favourite Program—News
写作提示:新闻是我最喜欢的电视节目;这类节目的内容和特点;我喜欢的原因。
25 医学常识
It is important for eveyone to learn some knowledge of first aid in our daily life. If a person is unlucky to suffer from an accident, he needs medical care before a doctor can be found with three things paid attention to while first aid is given. First, when a person stops breathing, open his/her mouth and see if there is food at the back of his/her mouth. Second, if a person cannot breathe, do your best to start his/her breathing at once, using a mouth-to-mouth way. Third, if a person is hurt badly, try at once to stop the bleeding and then take him/her to a doctor. Losing one third of his/her blood, he/she may also lose his/her life soon.
作文练习:The Importance of Medical Knowledge
写作提示:学习一些医学常识的重要性;描述你的一次感冒的经历及感受;如何运用医学常识预防感冒。
26 艺术殿堂
Hello, everyone. Now please allow me to introduce the wonderful architectures to you all. The Opera House in Sydney makes people think of seashells. The 2008 Olympic Stadium in Beijing looks like a bird’s nest made of tree branches. These buildings convince people that if architects had not had special mind about the art, we would not have the chance to enjoy the beauty of art works. They seem so warm and friendly that I would like to visit them in person now. I dream some day I can design a building that would draw the attention of people all over the world.
作文练习:My View on the Art of Chinese Calligraphy
写作提示:你对我国书法艺术的看法;如何看待电脑打印字和手写字;你如何传承我国的书法艺术(举例说明)。
27 文学鉴赏
Sinclair Lewis, born in American, was a novelist and playwright. In 1930 he became the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature. The films, Main Street《大街》 and Babbitt《巴比特》, which were adapted from his novels, were very popular all over the world. People who are familiar with his works know his writing style very well, which is at times funny, ironic, yet sympathetic. He is a realistic and romantic optimist.
作文练习:Reading
写作提示:阅读的好处;阅读在学习生活中的作用;通过阅读获得成功的一次经历。
28 健康生活
In order to arouse people’s attention of senior students’ sleeping problems, our school made a survey on it when the International Sleeping Day is coming.
According to the survey, there are about 60% of senior students who sleep less than 7 hours a day on weekdays, among whom 34% often study deep into the night. 81% of the students consider that the amount of homework has an influence on their sleeping. In addition, 77% of the students think that sleeping problem has some effect on study. Besides, 55% of the students think the problem will cause some physical diseases. To our delight, more and more parents and teachers are paying more attention to the students’ sleeping problem now.
作文练习:How to Keep Healthy? 写作提示:身体健康的重要性;保持健康的三种方法;结论。
29 坏境保护
Dear friends,
Do you want to live in a beautiful world? It is our obligation to maintain the ecological balance. To fulfill this task, we should bear the following ecological codes in mind. First, while sticking to the habit of walking to school, we should eat at least five kinds of fruits and vegetables a day. It’s also important to recycle everything recyclable and cherish our school environment by picking up any litter and turning off the taps and lights. Let’ all take action now and contribute to the prosperity of our mother—the earth.
Thank you.
作文练习:Which Is More Important, Develop Economy or Protect the Environment? 写作提示:引入议题;赞成发展经济优先;赞成保护环境优先;我的观点。
30 个人情感
Born in one-child family in 90s, I think we have more advantages than disadvantages.
First we are so confident, quick-minded and creative that it’s easy for us to learn to use different kinds of new science technological tools. Additionally, to some extent, being an only child means that parents spend more money on my education, such as different kinds of interest classes, studying abroad etc, which can be helpful in the long term. Nevertheless, we feel lonely and isolated as we are not able to have a sibling to play with regularly and share our thoughts and memories with. Worse still, we get used to having everything done, taken care of by our parents; That is to say, whatever we do, we take it for granted that we can depend on our parents. When we have to live in the real world and face real problems, we might not cope with them without determination and a strong will.
作文练习:No Pains, No Gains
写作提示:解释谚语;举例说明;结论。
31 社会生活
Dear Tom,
How is everything? I’m writing to recommend an inspiring film—Front of The Class to you.
The film is adapted from a real story, whose hero is Brad Cohen, a person suffering from Tourette Syndrome(妥瑞氏症). Because of the disease, Mr Cohen was always making funny noises and his schoolmates would make fun of him and he was always punished by teachers. Thanks to a nice principal who gave encouragement to him in his middle school, he became confident and made up his mind to be a teacher after graduating from college. Having been interviewed by about 25 schools, he was asked to teach in an elementary school at last. Through his hard work, he was awarded Sallie Mae’s First Year Teacher of the Year(沙利美年度优秀新晋教师).
I hope you will enjoy it.
Yours,
Wang Qiang
作文练习:Social Activities and Our Study
写作提示:参加社会活动的好处;过多的社会活动影响学习;结论。
32 前沿科学
Hello, I’m Tom, a newly-designed robot and I was invented on 26, February in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province by Tony Brown, who is very handsome. Well, I’m very beautiful too, with big eyes and long hair as most young girls do. I can do all kinds of housework for you, which will make you relaxed after work. What’s more, I have been programmed with a special chip which enables me to dance and sing like you human beings, so you will not feel bored when you are alone. The most important thing is that I’m powered by solar energy and environmentally friendly so please don’t hesitate, just take me home and let me make your life more comfortable.
作文练习:The Use of Computers
写作提示:计算机被广泛使用;计算机的10种用途;计算机不能完全取代人。
33 海洋资源 Dolphin
In the vast ocean live many creatures with great intellectual and physical capacities. Dolphin is one of those great creatures, whose capacities to think and move at an astounding rate puzzle those who study their behaviors. Dolphins possess something that makes them different from all the other sea creatures. It is not strength or speed but the size of their brain. Dolphins use sound just like their eyes and mouths to help them find their way, to look for their food and to talk with each other.
作文练习:Protect the Ocean Environment
写作提示:海洋污染日益严重;海洋对人类的重要性;如何保护海洋环境;结论。
34 学会分享 Volunteer Wanted
Some volunteers, no younger than 18, are needed to serve the Guangzhou Railway Station. Anyone who wants to become one of them should be healthy, devoted and good at spoken-English besides having enough free time. Preference will be given to those who have voluntary working experience. If accepted, you will have to work 3 or 4 times a week, with 60 to 120 minutes every time. For more details, please go to www.xuniversity.net.
作文练习:Sharing
写作提示:分享是成长的重要过程;独生子女不懂得与人分享的三点原因;学会分享的重要性;你的看法。
35 出国留学
Advantages of Studying Abroad
More and more Chines students prefer to study abroad. As we all know, studying abroad has many advantages. We can learn English better in the English-speaking environment as well as learn something about foreign customs. We can get the foreigners to learn more about our country by communicating with them so that we can get our country to open to the world faster. For the advantages I mentioned above, you had bettter study abroad if possible.
作文练习:Studying Abroad: Hardships and Rewards
写作提示:时下流行出国留学;事情总有两面性;赞成出国留学的理由;不赞成出国留学的理由;两者比较得出自己的观点。
36 多元文化
The first stage of the Great Immigration in American was from approximately 1830 to 1860, during which time the majority of imigrants came from Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland. The second stage was from 1860 to 1890, during which time another 10,000,000 people arrived. The third stage, which lasted from 1890 to 1930, achieved the highest in the process of immigration. Between the years 1830 and 1930, a great number of immigrants came to what is today the United States, most of whom moved to the USA for a wide range of reasons, including economic and political as well as religious factors. One can not but admit that natural disasters also made an immense contribution to it.
作文练习:My View on a Diversity of Culture
写作提示:广州是一个多元文化城市;一次在广州吃住感受多元文化的经历;广州多元文化的发展(语言、文化、艺术等);如何看待多元文化。
37 克隆技术
Lincoln and Jordan as well as millions of residents live in a tightly controlled high-tech building. They, together with other residents, are monitored, and it is said that it is intended to keep them physically and mentally healthy. However, recently Lincoln has been making the same dream and has some doubt about the building where he lives. His curiosity drives him to find out a fact that everything around him is a lie, and in the end everyone living in the place will not escape from death because all of them are human cloning. Lincoln and Jordan are determined to get out of this place, and then they can come to a real world that they have never known.
作文练习:My View on Cloning
写作提示:什么是克隆;克隆的三点好处;克隆的三点坏处;你的看法。
38 创造发明
These eBook texbooks, electronic textbooks, take in a variety of subjects, including math, history and geography and so on. With the eBook textbooks, you can play videos, examine geometrical problems in 3D, listen to music, make notes, and share information with your classmates on the Internet. In addition, you don’t need to carry heavy backpacks full of the expensive textbooks which you will only use for a year or two and then sell or give away. But on the other hand, you need to own an iPad which, as you know, is not cheap and you also need to buy digital textbooks. So only time will tell if eBook textbooks will bring about a new revolution to classroom teaching.
作文练习:Transport During the Spring Festival Period 写作提示:春运的状况(用亲身经历说明);到车站购票的困难;网上购票的好处;人们对网上购票的不满;提出解决网上购票问题的合理化建议。
39 期待效应
It was on a Friday afternoon that Tom was on his way home without an umbralla. As it was pouring with rain, he rode a bike so hurriedly that an old man was knocked down in the street suddenly. At once, Tom looked at the man in amazement when he found it was his headmaster of primary school. Not only did the headmaster not blame him, but he also encouraged him to be ambitious to improve himself. What the headmaster said made a great influence on Tom, and he was determined to study hard to be a useful man in the future.
作文练习:Students Doing Part-time Jobs
写作提示:现状;学生打工的好处;学生打工的坏处;结论。
40 人类祖先
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to my hometown—Suizhou, Hubei. Today, I’d like to introduce world famous Marquis Yi of Zeng bells(曾侯乙墓编钟) to you. The chime bells were dug out in 1978, which was buried in Tomb of Zeng Houyi during the Warring States Period. They were made of bronze, with each one delicately designed. The bells were the largest musical instrument we have found in history, which consisted of 64 bells altogether and they were ordered in three layers according to their size and weight, of which the top layer is the smallest and lightest. When knocked, the ancient chime bells can produce beautiful melody. It’s marvelous that our ancestors could make such wonderful musical instruments so long ago and we are very proud of them!
作文练习:A Gift for My Teacher
写作提示:将要毕业了;表达你对老师的感情;描述你如何选取送给老师的礼物;描述你赠送给老师礼物的方式;礼轻情义重,师恩难报。
第五篇:英语各种颜色引申
绿色
绿色green在英语中可以表示“嫉妒、眼红”,如:green with envy,green as jealousy,green-eyed monster都是指“十分嫉妒”的意思。汉语中表示“嫉妒”意义的“眼红”,应该翻译为green-eyed而不能翻译为red-eyed。
由于美元纸币是绿颜色的,所以green在美国也指代“钱财、钞票、有经济实力”等意义,如:
(11)In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them. 在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。
在英语中绿色还用来表示没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄等意思,如:
(12)The new typist is green at her job.
刚来的打字员是个生手。
(13)You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people.She is only eighteen and as green as grass.
你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意,她只有十八岁,还毫无经验。
黄色
黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。在英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如: a yellow dog可鄙的人,卑鄙的人
a yellow livered胆小鬼
(14)He is too yellow to stand up and fight.
他太软弱,不敢起来斗争。
英语中的黄色还用来作为事物的特定颜色,例如,美国有些城市的出租车上标有“yellow”(而不是“taxi”)的字样,代表出租车,因为那里的出租车为黄颜色。如:
Yellow Pages黄页(电话号码簿,用黄纸印刷)
Yellow Book黄皮书(法国等国家的政府报告,用黄封面装帧)
Yellow boy(俗)金币
汉语中x色一词有时象征低级趣味、xx庸俗、x流猥亵的意思,如x色电影、xx书刊、xx光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。能够表示汉语中这些意思的词汇应该是:pornographic(x情的)、vulgar(庸俗x流的)、obscene(猥亵的)等。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(x流的玩笑),blue films(x色电影)等。
蓝色
蓝色(blue)在汉语中的引申意义较少,而在英语中blue是一个含义十分丰富的颜色词。在翻译同这一颜色有关的表达时,我们应该注意其中的特别含义。
英语的blue常用来喻指人的“情绪低落”、“心情沮丧”、“忧愁苦闷”,如:
(15)They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match.
球赛踢输了,他们感到有些沮丧。
(16)She looks blue today.What’s the matter with her?
She is in holiday blue.
她今天显得闷闷不乐,出了什么事情?
她得了假期忧郁症。
例(15)中的holiday blue相当于winter holiday depression,指冬季假期时,人困在家里,感到无聊寂寞时的心情或情绪。另一个同低落的情绪有关的词组是:a blue Monday(倒霉的星期一),指度过快乐的周末后,星期一又要上学或上班,所以情绪不好。
blue在英语中有时用来指“黄色的”、“下流的”意思,如:
blue talk下流的言论
blue video黄色录象
有时blue又有社会地位高、出身名门的意义,如blue blood(贵族血统)。
此外,blue在英语中与其它词汇搭配,还有另外的含义,如:
out of blue意想不到
once in a blue千载难逢
drink till all’s blue一醉方休
白色
白色(white)在汉语和英语的联想意义中都有纯洁和清白的意思,但也有一些含义上的不同。例如,汉民族文化中,白色与死亡、丧事相联系,如“红白喜事”中的“白”指丧事(funeral),表示哀悼。但在英语文化中,white表示幸福和纯洁,如新娘在婚礼上穿白色礼服,代表爱情的纯洁和婚姻的贞洁。
英语中的white有时表达的含义,与汉语中的“白色”没有什么关系,如:
a white lie善意的谎言
the white coffee牛奶咖啡
white man善良的人,有教养的人
white-livered怯懦的
white elephant昂贵又无用之物
汉语中有些与“白”字搭配的词组,实际上与英语white所表示的颜色也没有什么联系,而是表达另外的含义,如: 白开水plain boiled water
白菜Chinese cabbage
白字wrongly written or mispronounced character
白搭no use
白费事all in vain
黑色
黑色(black)在英语和汉语两种语言文化中的联系意义大致相同。例如,黑色是悲哀的颜色,英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装,中国人在葬礼上戴黑纱。英语中的Black Friday指耶稣在复活节前受难的星期五,是悲哀的日子。 black在英语中还象征气愤和恼怒,如:
black in the face脸色铁青
to look black at someone怒目而视
另外,黑色在汉语和英语中都有“阴险”、“邪恶”的含义,不过翻译时不一定用“黑”或“black”的字眼,例如: 黑心evil mind
黑手evil backstage manipulator
黑幕inside story
黑线a sinister line
black sheep害群之马
black day凶日
black future暗淡的前途
除上面所提到的各种联想意义外,颜色词还与历史、社会、经济等现象有关系,表现出一定的社会属性,例如: 历史方面:
to raise to the purple升为红衣主教
to be born in the purple生于帝王之家
to marry into the purple与皇室或贵族联姻
社会方面:
blue-collar workers蓝领阶层,指普通体力劳动者
grey-collar workers灰领阶层,指服务性行业的职员
white-collar workers白领阶层,指接受过专门技术教育的脑力劳动者
pink-collar workers粉领阶层,指职业妇女群体
golden-collar personnel金领阶层,指既有专业技能又懂管理和营销的人才
经济方面:
red ink赤字
in the black盈利
white goods白色货物,指冰箱、洗衣机等外壳为白色的家电产品
brown goods棕色货物,指电视、录音机、音响等外壳为棕色的电子产品。