英语写作考试复习资料
第一篇:英语写作考试复习资料
高职高专英语A级考试辅导材料-写作部分辅导资料
第五章 写作应试技巧
写作部分的比分占总分的15%,测试时间为15分钟.对大多数学生来说,写作是一难点。因此,考生该部分的得分一般都不高。
为了使考生熟悉考试写作体裁,掌握写作方法,提高写作能力,根据《基本要求》和《考试大纲》,下面就高等学校英语应用能力考试可能涉及到的体裁及写作方法一一进行分析和讲解。
便条(Notes)
一、题型分析
便条在我们的日常生活当中随处可见,往往内容涉及信息性较强,所以要求考生用简单的语言完整地传递信息。若是有关道歉内容,考生应言之成理,动之以情。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式
便条的写作格式同普通信笺的格式大体一致,包括写作时间、称呼、正文,结束语和具名共五部分。但在传递感谢内容的信息与单纯的通俗信息时,写作时间可以不具。 2.正文写作应注意的技巧
写作正文时应注意以下四点: (1)使用非正式的、通俗的语言。 (2)不要将写作人与称呼混淆。 (3)单词或词组使用的准确性。
(4)用委婉的语气、商量的口吻向别人建议、道歉、邀请、询问、感谢,以期对方接受。 3.正确运用如下常见的语句
(1)通俗信息便条。如:
There/Here is„ I have/got„ (2)约会信息便条。如:
Could/Would/will yOU„
I’d like to„ (3)感谢便条。如:
Thank you (very much) for„
Many thanks for„ I am writing to thank you for„
I am writing to express my appreciation of all that„
1 I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for„ (4)道歉便条。如:
I’m so/terribly/extremely sorry that„
I would like tO express my apologies for„ (5)邀请便条。如:
Would you like to„
Would it be possible for you to„ We should be very glad if you could„ (6)请求、询问便条。如:
Would you please„
I would like to„
I would be grateful if you could„
We would appreciate doing„
三、范文分析 Dear liu,
I have something important to tell you,please call me at 8 tonight.
Wang [分析] 这是一张通俗的信息便条,Wang有重要的事要告诉Liu,希望Liu与自己联系。该便条很明显没有写作时间和结束语。前面我们提到过单纯的通俗信息与感谢信息的传递不须注明写作时间,若非注不可,也就是即日,即收笺的那一日。
首句I have„句式表明“我”有一些,很自然地、明确地引出信息内容。使用了有说服力的词如important,tell等,突出地表现了信息的重要性。
其他几类便条就不再一一分析了,它们与同类信笺的写作技巧大体相似,就不在此赘述了。惟一提醒考生注意的是,在写道歉便条时,要实事求是,条理清晰地道明原委,切不可胡编乱造。
四、练习
请以Judy的名义给Jane写一张便条,请Jane尽快将其工作计划告诉Judy。 [参考答案]
lst, June DearJane,
Please inform me as soon as possible your working plan.Thanks.
Judy
通知(Notice)
一、题型分析
英文通知的格式与中文通知格式大体相同,这——点考生容易把握。其内容简单、具体, 2 要求写明具体事项,以便告知相关人员。
二、应试技巧
1.注意中、英通知的细微差别
和中文通知一样,英文通知由标题、正文、落款(或时间)三部分组成。标题写在正文上方正中部位,常以Notice作标题。它可大写首字母(Notice)成整个单词(NOTICE)。落款即发出通知的单位和时间写在正文右下角,有时发出通知的单位可以省略,时间也可写在单位名称下一行的左下角。 2.书写正文时要注意的几点
(1)内容要简洁、清楚。例如,会议通知要写清时间、地点、出席人员,必要时还可以写明会议内容。
(2)多采用被动语态,人称用第三人称。如:
①All the students of the Computer Department are required to meet„ ②A lecture on linguistics will be given by Professor Xiao„
(3)为了能引起广泛的注意,正文起首常标以“ATTENTION"字样或以“Attention,please"开头。如:
ATTENTION,A visit to„
(4)放假通知应写明放假天数及收假日期。如:
①Tomorrow being National Day,there will be no work for seven days. ②Work will be resumed on Oct.8.
三、范文分析 Sample 1
NOTICE All the members of the Students’Union are requested tO meet in the department conferenceroom on Monday,July 5,at 7:30 p.m.to discuss the plan of the sports meet.
Students’Union July 1,2000 [分析] 范文是布告体裁的通知。其格式规范,表述清楚。这是一个会议通告,开会的时间、地点、人员、会议内容都一目了然。和中文的通知一样,发出通知的部门即范文中的Students’Union和日期可写在右下角,但有时日期也可写在发通知的部门的下一行的右下角。但考生常习惯性地将日期写到右上角,这—点应注意。 Sample 2 3
March 10,2000 Dear Lily,
This is to inform you that due to bad weather tomorrow’s sports meet will be postponed until March 15.
School Athletic Committee [分析] 范文是通知的另一种形式即书信体。它的格式与便条很相似,包括写在右上角的日期、称呼、正文及落款即发通知的部门。同样,它的内容应该清楚、简洁,让人一目了然。
四、练习
①请拟一张国庆节放7天假的通知。
②请以英语系办公室的名义拟一个组织教师去韶山参观的通知。 [参考答案①]
Notice
Sep.30,2000 Tomorrow being National Day,there will be no work for 7 days.All the managers and workers are required to take part in the celebrations to be held in the conference room in our company on Tuesday,Oct 1,at 8:00 a.m.Work will be resumedOn Oct.8.
Office of General Manager [参考答案②]
Notie
June 2,2000 Attention please,A visit to Shaoshan has been arranged for Saturday,June 7.The teachers who wish to go,please gather at the college gate. The bus is to leave at 6:00 a.m sharp.
The English Department Office
请假条
(Asking for Sick Leave or Business Leave)
一、题型分析
在应用文能力考试中,请假条因其篇幅短小,格式、内容较为容易掌握,故相对于推荐信、申请信等篇幅较长的应用文而言,其得分率要高,且该类型的应用文要求文体正式、语言得体,尤其是用礼貌的语言向领导讲述清请假的理由。
二、应试技巧
1.了解请假条的基本情况(内容)
请假条是便条的一种,主要用于因病或因重要事情须向领导请示批准某一特定时间 的假。根据其请假理由的不同,可把请假条分为病假条和事假条两种。但不管是哪一种, 都应包括以下四部分内容:
(1)日期
日期通常应在正文右上角,因清假条涉及到的是最近时间内的事情,故可直接用几 月,几日或星期几来表示,如April 10或10 April或Thursday。
(2)称呼
称呼常用常规信中的称呼语,如Dear„,Mr„,Professor„,Dr„等。
(3)正文
正文是请假条的核心部分,主要涉及到请假原因、请假时间,结尾时需用—‘些表示感谢或请求批准的话语。切记理由要充分,在必要时应附上相应的证明。
(4)结束语的署名
结束语常用yours faithfully 或 yours sincerely 或 yours truly等。 2.常用句型
(1)起首用语
请假条中起首句常用来说明请假原因或请假时间,常用句型如下:
I’d like to apply for three days leave of absence,starting from„,and finishing on„ I am writing to ask for sick leave of„days,starting from„to„ I’m sorry l can’t attend the meeting because/as„ Owing to„/As„,I shall be unable to„ (2)结尾常用语
请假条中结尾用语常用来表示感谢、请予批准等。常用句型如下: I should be very obliged/grateful if you grant me the leave. I hope you will grant me the leave. Hoping you will excuse my non-attendance.
I’ll certainly do my best to make up„once/as soon as„
Now l enclose a Doctor’s Certificate/a medical certificate from/issued by the doctor. Now l enclose the telegraph from my father.
三、范文分析
5 [范文] 事假条
April 25 Secretary Frick,
As my brother is moving to Canada tomorrow,I shall be very much obliged if you will grant me my application for one day’s leave tomorrow.
Yours respectfully
Robin Ford [分析] 这是Robin Ford给秘书Frick的一张请假条。其中包括日期(April 25)、称呼语(Secretary Frick)、结束语(Yours respectfully)、署名(Robin Ford)以及核心部分——正文。就正文而言,一个主从复合句就给出了请假条正文所应包含的所有的信息,如请假理由:“My brother is moving to Canada tomorrow",请假时间区间为"tomorrow",表示感谢的话语:“I shall be very much obliged",请求批准的话语:"you grant me application for one day’s leave”。从这些方面来看,该请假条体现出了请假条简单明了这一特点。正文开头以“As„”引导的原因状语从句引出请假理由,这样的开头使人一目了然。 [范文] 病假条
(English 2nd Year,Class B)
April 21 (To Department office) Ms Smith,
Owing to a severe headache,I shall be unable to attend classes today.I enclose a medical certificate from the doctor. Hoping you will excuse my non-attendance.
Yours respectfully
Li Ming [分析] 该请假条从基本格式到内容都符合请假条的要求,包括请假条中的信头(系、年级、班级和写假条的日期),收假条部门以及收假条人名,其中的系、年级、班级和收假条部门也可省略,直接用最简单的请假条格式,从内容中可推断出写请假条人与收请假条人是师生关系。正因如此,请假人写上了“I enclose a medical certificate from the doctor"以示请假理由并非借口,以介词短语"Owingto„”引出请假理由,以句子“I shall be unable to attendclasses today"引出了请假时间区间即today,开门见山,直截了当。
四、练习
①以Mary的名义向Professor John写一张因病无法上课的请假条(注明缺漏的课日后 补上)。
要求:不少于30词
②写一封因家父病重须回家探望,故请求给予三天假的请假条(注明起止时间)。 要求:60词左右。 [参考答案①]
Nov.12 Dear professor John,
I’m sorry l can’t come to your lecture today as I am running a fever.I should be very much obliged if you shall grant me the leave.I’ll do my best to make up the lessons as soon as 1’m recovered.
Yours respectfully,
Mary [参考条案②]
Dec.12 Dear Manager,
I’d like to apply for three days leave,starting from the 13th-to the 15th,in order to return to my hometown to see my father,who is seriously ill these days.
I should be very much obliged if you grant me the leave.As to the duties to be missed during my absence,I shall do my best to make them up as Soon I get back.
Here I enclose a telegraph from my mother.
Yours faithfully,
Wang Fang
邀请信(A letter of Invitation)
一、题型分析
该题型要求考生掌握正式和非正式的书信体邀请信的格式。它的内容应该完整、明确,语言简朴,态度热情。其复函即接受邀请或谢绝邀请也具有上述特点。
二、应试技巧
1.注意不同场合的邀请信使用格式的不同
邀请信的正式程度由邀请者与被邀请者间的关系来决定。正式的邀请信的格式与普通书 7 信的格式相同,由写信人的地址、日期、收信人姓名及地址、称呼、正文、结束语及署名七个部分组成。而用于熟悉朋友间的非正式邀请信则可省略写信人地址、收信人姓名及地址,称呼也可随便些。邀请信复函的格式和正式程度与邀请信相同。 2.正文要求写清的几个方面
(1)邀请信的正文
(a)直截了当地提出邀请并指出时间(年、月、日、钟点)、地点、场合。
(b)请对方确认或表示期待对方接受邀请。
(2)表示接受邀请的复函的正文
(a)感谢对方的邀请(有时可省略)。
(b)表示接受邀请并确认时间、地点、场合。
(c)表达愉快的期盼之情。
(3)表示谢绝邀请的复函的正文
(a)感谢对方的邀请。
(b)明确谢绝并给出合理的原因。 3.灵活运用邀请信及复函中常用的语句
(1)I should be delighted/pleased if you could come to„
Would/Could you come to„
(2)I shall be happy to accept„
It was thoughtful of you tO„
Thank you for your invitation to„
We look forward to seeing you again.
(3)Please accept my sincere regret at„
Unfortunately,it will be impossible for me tO„
What a shame!We can’t„
三、范文分析
Dec.15,2000 Dear Peter,
Would you like to come tO my place to have dinner with me on Sunday,Dec.20,at 8:00 p.m.? I haven’T seen you for a long time and I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.
Yours,
Lucy [分析] 以上是Lucy写给Peter的一封共进晚餐的邀请信。由于是非正式场合,省略了 8 写信人地址、收信人姓名及地址、正文开头提出了邀请,并讲明了具体的时间、地点(on Sunday,Dec.20,at 8:00 p.m.,my place)。最后表达了热切的期盼之情(„looking forward to seeing you soon)。
Dec.17,2000 Dear Lucy,
Thank you for your kind invitation to dinner at your place on Sunday,Dec.20,at 8:00 p.m.I do accept it with great pleasure.It seems quite a long time since we met last.
I’m looking forward to seeing you.
Yours,
Peter [分析] 以上是Peter表示接受邀请而写的一封回信。正文开头对邀请表示感谢,并确认了时间、地点。接着明确表示乐意接受邀请(I do accept it with great pleasure)。最后表示了热切盼望那一天的到来。此信的关键是要写明接受邀请,而不能出现“I’ll accept it I’m free"这类模棱两可的句子。
Dec.17,2000 Dear Lucy,
Thank you for your kind invitation to dinner at your place,But l’m sorry that I have to decline it.I’ll visit my former teacher that day.
I do hope to see you when I’m free.
Yours,
Peter [分析] 这是一封peter因故不能出席的谢绝邀请信。同样,正文开头表达了被邀请的谢意。接着明确地谢绝邀请并解释了原因(But I’m sorry that l have to decline it,I’ll visit my former teacher that day.)。此处用到的套语有:
Thank you very much for your kind invitation to„
I’m sorry that„
四、练习
按下列要求写一封邀请信及复函:
①以Wang Li的名义给他朋友Li Min写一封邀请信,请他五一节期间来杭州游玩。
②以Li Min的名义写一封接受邀请信。
③因Li Min在这期间要去广东考察工作单位而谢绝邀请,请以Li Min的名义写一封谢 9 绝信。 [参考答案①]
April 20,2000 Dear Li Min,
It is really a long time since l saw you last.I miss you so much.would you like to come to Hangzhou during International Labour Day?
Hangzhou is a beautiful city.There are quite a lot of places of interest and shopping places.you’re welcome to stay as long as you like and I’d like to be your guide.
I’m really looking forward to see you again.If you would tell me the time of your arrival,I’ll meet you at the railway station.
Yours,
Wang Li [参考答案②]
April 20,2000 Dear Wang Li,
Thank you for your kind invitation,I’m really pleased to meet you in Hangzhou,But now I can’t decide specifically when I will arrive in Hangzhou,However,once I make a specific decision,I will notify you by telephone.
I hope we can meet earlier.
Yours, Li Min [参考答案③]
April 20,2000 Dear Wang Li,
Thank you very much for your kind invitation to visit Hangzhou.We really haven’t seen each other for a long time.But I really feel regret that I call’t come.I have to go to Cuangzhou those days,you know I’ll graduate thlis July,so I must go to visit the place where I will work.
I’ll write to you when I get back.
Yours
Li Min
请求信(A Letter of Request)
一、题型分析
请求信是普通书信的一种。常用于比较正式的场合。其格式与普通书信相同。它的主体要求清楚地写出请求的内容及理由,以达到令对方愿意帮助的目的。请求信要求语气谦恭有礼,态度诚恳。考生常犯表述不清、客套语重复、罗嗦的毛病。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式
和其他普通书信—样,请求信由写信人地址、日期、收信人姓名及地址、称呼、正文、结尾客套语、署名七个部分组成。写信人的地址要详细,以便对方回复。 2.正文要写清楚如下几点
(1)可以开门见山地提出请求,但语气要有礼貌。 (2)简明扼要地解释提出请求的原因。
(3)无论结果如何,都向对方致谢,但客套语不宜过多。 3.灵活运用常用于请求的语句
(1) I wish to„
I want tO„
We’d like to„
I would ask you to„
(2)We would feel obliged„
I should feel grateful for„
„will be greatly appreciated„
三、范文分析
No.3 Huangxing Road Changsha,410006
July 11,1999 Admission Office NanJing University Nanjing,210008 Dear Sir,
I want to pursue a ph.D at your university.My intended of entrance is Autumn 2000.Your sending me application forms at your earliest convenience will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely yours
Li Mei [分析] 以上是Li Mei给Nanjing University招生办写的一封请求寄申请表的信。该请求 11 信包括了写信人地址(No.3 Huangxing Road,Changsha,410006)、日期(July 11,1999)、收信地址,因不知收信人姓名而写了招生办(Admission Office),相应地称呼也写成Dear Sir,这样比较合适。正文开头“I want to„”直奔主题,道明了写信的目的,接着指明了入校时间为2000年秋,最后礼貌地请求他寄上申请表。在这里他用的是“„will be greatly appreciated”这个句型,而不仅仅是一个简单的"Thanks"。
四、练习
给某电脑公司的销售部经理写一封请求信,请求他给你寄该公司当天在《北京周末 报》广告中的家用电脑的详尽说明。 [参考答案]
130 Baihai Road
Shanghai,200030 May 11,2000 Sales Manager Xinnan Computer Company NO,2 Leping Street Beijing,100082 Dear Sir,
I’m interested in the personal computers which are advertised in today’s Beokom Weekend.I want very much to get the information about the various computers that you have.
I should feel much obliged if you will kindly send me some details of your computers.
Yours faithfully,
Wang Lin
求职信(A Letter of Application)
一、题型分析
求职信是书信的一种。要求考生首先要熟悉普通书信的格式,同时突出自己与所求工作相关的经历和能力。另外,表达要清楚、具体,以便求职者能给对方留下深刻的印象,最后获得面试的机会。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式
和其他普通书信一样,求职信由写信人的地址及写信日期、收信人的姓名及地址、称呼、 12 正文、结束语、署名和附件七个部分组成。写信人的地址要详细,以便对方顺利通知写信人面试。收信人一般为求职单位的人事负责人。附件指个人简历、有关证明。 2.正文要写清以下四个方面的内容
(1)具体指出所寻求的职位。
(2)描述自己受教育的程度、以前的工作业绩和工作能力。
(3)提供至少两个证明人及其联系地址和电话,放在“个人简历”中列出,否则在正文中体现。
(4)请求对方给予面试的机会。 3.灵活运用求职信中常用的语句
(1)I would like to apply for the position„
This is an application for the position„
I wish to apply for the position„
(2)Please let me know if you want an interview.
Can we arrange an interview at your convenience?
I shall be much obliged if you will accord me an opportunity interview.
(3)I’m looking forward to hear from you shortly.
I hope to hear from you soon.
三、范文分析
140 Weymouth Street Charlottetown Price Edward Island, Canada CIA 4Z2 10 September,1998 Personnel Director Macro Engineering Co. 600 Deepdale Drive Toronto,Ontario M5W 4R9 Dear Sir,
I would like to apply for the senior position in your first-class standard Laboratory advertised in your advertisement.I graduated from Pacific Rim College in 1996 and got a B.S degree in Electrical Engineering.
After graduation I have been working at the Engineering Laboratory of Pacific Rim College 13 and have got much experience,And I trust I’m qualified to fill your position.
I’m enclosing my CV and looking forward to hearing from you shortly.
Yours Sincerely Alex Gawin [分析] 以上是Pacific Rim学院电子工程实验室工作人员Alex Gawin向Macro工程公司写的一封求职信。该求职信包含写信人地址(140 Weymouth Street Charlottetown,Prince Edward Island,Canada CIA 4Z2)和写信时间(10 September l998)、收信人姓名(Personnel Director)和地址(Macro Engineering Co.600 Deepdale Drive,Toronto,Ontario,M5W 4R9)、称呼(Dear Sir)、正文、署名(Alex Gawin)和附件(CV个人简历)六个部分。正文清楚地显示了所寻求的职位(the senior position in your first-class standards Laborary)、自己受教育的程度(graduated from Pacific Rim College,got a B.S degree in Electrical Engineering)电力机械专业理学土和工作经历及能力(have been working at the Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Pacific Rim College,have got much experience,trust that I’m qualified to fill your position)。至于证明人及其联系地址和电话放在附件“个人简历”(CV)之中。信中使用的套话有:
I would like to apply for„
I’m looking forward to hear from you shortly.
四、练习
根据下列招聘广告写一封求职信,字数不少于80个。
The Representative office Of
an oversea manufacturing
company is looking for an
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
To assist General manager in his job,The person should be able to do the filing,take shorthand,deal with paperwork and correspondence in English,organize meetings and communicate with clients.Computer knowledge is a must preferably with technical background at least 3 years experience. [参考答案]
No.110 Shaoshan Road Changsha 410006, Hunan Nov.17,2000 Personnel Director 14 Oversea Manufacturing Company in Shanghai 120 Beihai Road, Shanghai 200040 Dear Sir,
I wish to apply for the position as executive secretary in your company advertised in yesterday’s Guangming Daily.Since my graduation in 1998 from Hunan University with a B.S degree in Public Administration & service,I have been working as the General Manager’s executive secretary of a manufacturing company in Xiangtan and have got quite a lot of experience.Besides professional knowledge,I have a good command of computer and English.I’m sure I call fill your position.
I’m enclosing my CV and looking forward to hear from you shortly.
Yours faithfully
Chen Ming
慰问信(Letters of consolation)
一、题型分析
亲友生病、受伤或由于某种不幸事件蒙受了损失,应该写信表示慰问。考生在写作中应注意慰问信的格式和措词,如果情况并不严重或损失不大,慰问信可写得轻松一些;若是情况严重或损失惨重,就应该写得深沉一些。
总之,慰问信要格式正确,语言规范、简洁,感情真挚。
慰问信的写作在实用性文体中属中等难度的题型,考生得分一般在6-12分之间。最常见的错误是主题不突出,语言太罗嗦,或者欠规范。此外,考生往往忽略格式的写作,导致失分。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用写作格式
由于慰问信通常是写给亲友的,彼此都较熟悉,其信内收信人地址、姓名、写信人地址及姓名均可以省略。所以慰问信的格式通常由日期(date)、称呼(salutation)、正文(body)、结束语(closing)及署名(signature)五部分组成。 2.恰当选用如下常见句型
(1)开头常用的有:
I was shocked/saddened/distressed/grieved to hear that„
It was a great/profound shock to hear„
We have just heard/learned with profound sorrow/regret the sad tragic news(of)„
I just can’t tell you how sad I am(to hear of)„
We want to offer our deepest„/May I express my most heartfelt sympathy at the loss of„
(2)结尾常用的有:
Please accept our very sincere/heartfelt condolence/consolation in your great loss.
We hope our caring will make your sorrow easier to bear.
We hope that time will ease the sorrow of your recent loss.
May our sympathy and consolation help to comfort you.
Our thoughts are with you in this time of sorrow.
May your memories be a source of comfort.
If we can be of any help,please don’t hesitate to let us know. 3.正文部分应注意的三个方面
(1)尊重对方的感情,表达慰问的主题。同情和慰问应该是发自内心的,而且要亲切、温暖、富于人情。
(2)语言要简洁。所要表达的感情是丰富而复杂的,但这些感情不一定全写进一封信中,应去掉那些冗长的颂词和伤感的话,对方已经很悲痛了,不要用更大的悲痛或与此无关事情的冗长解释来加重他的负担。比如用一两句话表达对收信人已故父亲的尊重与仰慕,点到为止。
(3)表示愿意提供帮助。这一点不一定适合所有的情况,但如果动机是诚恳的,而且确实能够做到,那么在信中表示愿意帮助无疑是一种最有效的安慰。 4.避免错误的文化迁移
中国学生受本族文化的影响,在写慰问信时往往发生错误的文化迁移,常使用类似这样的句子:"There is nothing anyone can say at a time like this.”“Words cannot express our feelings.”或“We don’t know what to say at this time.”这类话是极不应该出现的,它们显得似乎有意拉长一个表达悲伤的简短句子,而在对方需要帮助时却又无能为力。
三、范文分析
July 6,2001 My dear Margaret,
Today I heard of the passing away of your father,for whom I had the greatest admiration and regard.I know the suddenness of it must have been a dreadful shock,and I will miss your father,as you will.
16 May your memories be a source of comfort.Please know,Margaret,that my heart and my thoughts are with you and your family.I wish I could do something to soften your grief.
Affectionately,
Mary Haskins [分析] 这是Mary Haskins写给Margaret的一封慰问信。信写得真诚、亲切,设身处地替对方着想。首句巧妙地回避了令人反感和痛心的death,died,killed之类的词,而代之以pass away这一委婉语,表达了自己的慰问之情。紧接其后的"for whom I had the greatest admiration and regard"又表达了自己对朋友之父的尊敬与仰慕。因为“the suddenness of it must have been a dreadful shock”,所以Margaret此时的心情一定是很悲痛的,但是“I will miss your father,as you will”,虽然人已死,但是他的音容笑貌依然活在亲友的心中,并将永远被怀念,这对生者无疑是一种莫大的安慰。
信的结尾十分坦诚而热心地提出帮助:“I wish I could do something to soften your grief.”以实际的言行来帮助对方减少丧父之痛。
文中恰当选用了"May your memories be a source of comfort.”和"Please know that my heart and my thoughts are with you and your family.”给对方以慰藉和勇气。
四、练习
你(Harriet)的同事Mrs.Corbin不幸在一次撞车事故中受伤,伤势不重。请你代表全校教职工写一封慰问信,字数不得少于80个。 [参考答案]
Aug.12,2000 Dear Mrs.Corbin,
I feel I simply must write this note and tell you how much you are in the hearts and minds of everyone in school.
We were greatly shooked and saddened to hear the news of crash,But we were grateful,too,hat your injuries were not worse.We will miss your,but don’t concern yourself with your work here,we will take care of it for you.
The affection and best wishes of the entire school are with you,and everyone is hoping for your quick and complete recovery.
Sincerely yours
Harriet
投诉信(A letter of Complaint)
一、题型分析
相对于通知、请假等而言,投诉信篇幅长,难度大,失分率也相应地高。该题型要求考生能在20分钟内清楚地表达出自己所要投诉的事情。而考生的难点也主要在于如何才能措辞准确,使被投诉方没有反感。
二、应试技巧 1.了解投诉信的特点
投诉信作为一种私人信件,主要是指在日常生活中,人们因产品质量或对服务质量不满等原因而写的以求得问题解决的信,其主要内容包括:
(1)投诉内容
主要指投诉实物名称或抽象的服务态度等。
(2)投诉原因
主要指投诉内容出了何种问题。
(3)希望得到的结果
主要是指向被投诉的单位或个人求得解决问题的办法或希望返回其所付出的代价。
注意:因写投诉信的目的是为了求得一个解决问题的方法而不是为了泄愤,故在写信时语气要平和,语言不能过于尖刻。 2.掌握常用句型或语句
(1) 常用开头语句
I’m writing to you about the bed which I bought from your shop three days ago.
I’m sorry to complain of the bad quality of„/the poor service of„
I choose to complain to you about„because I’m sure you will be able to have the problem solved.
(2)表述原因的句型
When we/I checked„,we/I noticed/found„
„,it did not work properly.
As you will realize,I was extremely upset to discover all this.
(3)结尾常用句型
Please let us/me know what you intend to do in this matter.
I’m returning„under/by separate post.
I’m looking forward to receiving a full refund of 500 yuan.
Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.
三、范文分析
May 18,2001 Dear Sir,
I have written two letters telling you that my telephone has been out of order for a few days,but I haven’t heard from you ever since.Now it is hard to get a connection,what is worse,it is ringing like mad every now and then.This causes us not only much inconvenience but also a lot of trouble.
Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Li Fang [分析]这封投诉信是写信人投诉修理电话机的人未及时修理电话机。写信人一开头就以“I have written two letters„but I haven’t heard from you ever since"这一句子引出了投诉内容及原因即“the telephone has been out of order”and the repairers didn’t give any reply to the writter’s requirement,紧接着写信人说出了电话机出现的毛病以及这些毛病给人带来的不方便,最后以“Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible"这一句子结尾,直截了当地向被投诉人提出给予解决问题的办法。总体上说,这篇文章的语言较平和,写信人的态度也较为诚恳。
四、练习
①假定你叫李平,写信给店主投诉你买的羊毛夹克衫已坏,希望要回钱并请求解决问题的办法。
要求:字数不少于80词。
②假定你叫李华,写信投诉某商店营业员。
投诉内容:服务态度差。
投诉原因:某天路过一商店时看中一件毛皮大衣,故进去向营业员说明来意,当因她 给的大衣太大要求更换时,该营业员拒绝这一要求,并说你是买不起这种毛皮大衣的人。
希望得到的结果:要求道歉并希望经理能使她懂得如何为顾客服务。
要求:字数不少于80词,不能逐句翻译。 [参考答案①]
Dec.25,2000 Dear Mr Manager,
I’m sorry to complain to you about the bad quality of the woolen jacket I bought from your shop three months ago when I was in your area.
I’ve been wearing it only at weekends.but now the sleeves have worn badly.As you will realize,I’m extremely upset and annoyed at this.
I hope I can have my money hack,if you don’t mind.I’m sorry to give you the trouble,but I’m sure you’ll be kind enough to have the problem solved.
I’m returning the jacket under separate post,and enclose the receipt。I’m looking forward to receiving your early reply.
Yours faithfully
Li Ping [参考答案②]
Nov.12,2000 Dear Mr Manager,
I’m very sorry to complain to you about the poor service in your store.
The day before yesterday when I was passing your shop,I happened to find a fur coat in the shopwindow which I liked very much.I went in and told a lady assistant(No.2)about my intention.
When l found the coat she showed me was too big,I asked her to show me a smaller one,but she refused,and said that I was not the one who could afford it.
I hope she could make an apology to me and that you’ll make her understand how to serve customers.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
道歉信(A Letter of Apology)
一、题型分析
道歉信的格式较普通书信简单。它的中心是如何解释清楚犯错的原因并向对方道歉。其特点是措词委婉,语气诚恳,最终达到使对方接受你的歉意的目的。
二、应试技巧 1.道歉信的格式
道歉信常用于熟悉的朋友之间,因而普通书信中的写信人地址、收信人姓名、地址可以 20 省略不写,写上日期、称呼、正文、结尾客套语及署名即可。特别注意日期应写在右上角。 2.道歉信的正文
正文要求注意如下三点:
(1)以道歉语句开头。
(2)清晰明了地给出一个令人信服的理由。
(3)请求对方接受你的道歉。 3.常用于道歉信的语句
(1)I’m terribly sorry for„
I’m awfully sorry that„
I’m very sorry to„
I regret that„
I regret to say that„
(2)Please accept my apology for„
You’ll accept my apology,won’t you?
I should be much obliged if you will please excuse me.
I hope you will accept my apology.
三、范文分析
July 2,2000 Dear Alison,
I must apologize to you that I have lost the pen you lent me last Monday,I looked wherever I might have put it,but I just couldn’t find it I know it was a gift from your aunt,I’m going to buy a new one for you,I’m really sorry for being so careless,you’ll accept my apology,won’t you?
Yours,
Jim [分析]以上是Jim因丢失了Alison的钢笔而写的一封道歉信,其格式规范,包括了日期(JuLy 2,2000)、称呼(Dear Alison)、正文、结尾客套语(yours)、署名(Jim)五个部分。正文一开头用了“I must apologize to you that„”诚恳地向对方道歉,接着解释了道歉的原因:“„lost the pen„”而且他正在采取补救措施:“I’m going to buy a new one for you.”最后承认这是因为自己的粗心大意:“I’m really sorry for being so careless,”并恳请对方原谅:“You’ll accept my apology,won’t you?"范文写得简洁明了,措词委婉,道歉者真诚的歉意溢于言表。其中所用到的套话有: I must apologize to you that„ I’m really sorry for„
21 You’ll accept my apology,won’t you?
四、练习
①Lucy昨天因母病未能去机场给朋友Mary送行,为此请以Lucy的名义写封道歉信。
②因Lily要出席一个重要会议,特将原定于11月25号的宴会推迟,请以此向Smith和Helen道歉。 [参考答案①]
Sep.3,2000 Dear Mary,
I’m awfully sorry that I couldn’t see you off at the airport yesterday.My mother fell ill and I had to take care of her at home.I hope you will accept my sincere apology.
Yours,
Lacy [参考答案②]
Nov.12,2000 Dear Mr.Smith and Helen,
I’m terribly sorry that the dinner we have planned for Nov.25 must be postponed.I’ll have to attend an important meeting that day.I’ll write soon to see what we canarrange in December,
Thank you for thinking of me.
Sincerely yours,
Lily
解雇信(A Letter of Dismissal)
一、题型分析
解雇信的格式比普通书信的格式还简单,考生比较容易掌握。考生感到困难的是如何措辞才能使其语言简练,语气肯定,解雇原因符合事实且通情达理,从而达到使对方对公司有好感的目的。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式
解雇信是雇主写给雇员的,不要求回信,因双方的工作单位一致,所以写信人的地址和收信人的姓名和地址通常省略。一封解雇信由写信日期、称呼、正文、结束语和署名五个部分组成。
22 2.正文涉及的内容
(1)对被解雇职员表示抱歉。
(2)陈述解雇这一事实。
(3)解释解雇的原因。这一点尤为重要,原因要解释得合情合理,令人信服,且不能伤对方的自尊心,要注意语气委婉,有礼有节。
(4)以鼓励的话语作为结尾。 3.常见的语句
(1)I regret having to tell you„
It is with deep regret that I must inform you„
I am sorry to be the one to tell you„
(2)We trust that several new positions will open for you.
I wish you the best in future employment.
I am sure you will soon find work more suited to your abilities.
We wish you well in your endeavor.
三、范文分析
Feb.18,2000 Dear Allan,
I am sorry to be the one to tell you this,but your service will no longer be required.However,your pay will continue for two full months.The time is based on your years of service.
We have repeatedly asked you to put more effort and willingness into your work.We believe you have the potential to do a competent job;but your last 3 reports were late,incomplete and inaccurate,and therefore useless to our managers who rely on these reports for operating decisions.
Perhaps you should seek a job that is less demanding and has less critical deadlines.I am confident you will soon find work more suited to your abilities.
Sincerely
Ecloise Madden [分析] 这是雇主Ecloise Madden因员工Allan工作表现差而将其解雇的一封信,包括写信日期(Feb.18,2000)、称呼(Dear Allan)、正文、结束语(Sincerely)和签名(Ecloise Madden)五个部分。信中运用了常见语句:“I am sorry to be the one to tell you„”“Perhaps you should 23 seek a job„to your ability.”前句表达雇主的遗憾之情,后句用以安慰和鼓励被解雇的职工。解雇原因通过一句话“„but your last 3 reports were late,incomplete and inaccurate and therefore useless to our managers„”解释得清楚明了。同时,通过被动语态(„but your service will be no longer be required.)和现在完成时(We have repeatedly asked you„)暗示我们一直苦口婆心规劝你,可你不听,从而产生今天我们迫不得已解雇你这一事实,从而让被解雇人明白:造成今天这个结局的原因主要在自己身上,雇主和公司方已经做到了仁至义尽。此外,通过肯定其工作能力(you have the potential to do a competent job)以维护被解雇人的自尊心。
四、练习
中友光学仪器公司因使用生产过程自动控制系统(the automatic control system of the production process)需要裁减一批员工,其中包括李明。请以董事长Mr Carol的名义给他写一封解雇信,字数不少于80个。 [参考答案]
June 25,2000 Dear Mr Li,
It is with deep regret that I must inform you of the recent decision to terminate your association with Zhongyou Optical Instruments Company.Because of the automatic control system of the production process,we have to cut down our manpower resourees,and several employees have,unfortunately,suffered in the process.
Your work here has been admirable,and I will certainly provide you with the highest of recommendations if called upon to do so.
With your skills and abilities to work with people,I am sure you will soon find a position with another company.Wish you the best in future employment.
Sincerely yours
Carol
借据和收条(IOU and Receipt Forms)
一、题型分析
借据和收条格式简单,正文开头有固定的句型引导,要求考生能熟练地运用常用句型并简明扼要地写清字据的内容。
二、应试技巧
1.注意简单格式在不同情况下的区别
24
借据和收条一般由日期、正文、署名三部分组成,但借款借据一般要写抬头(To Mr Smith),而借物借据和收条均可省略抬头。 2.注意不同字据内容表述上的细节性差别
(1)借物借据常以“Borrowed from„”这个句型引导,写明何人何物即可。
(2)借款借据常以“I,O,U”开头,也可写成“IOU”,它是“I owe you"(我欠你)的缩写形式,即汉语中的“今借到”、“今借”。接着要写明所借款的数额及币种,如果是定期偿还的还应写上归还的具体日期,带利息的应写明利息多少。利息常以厘为单位,用百分比表示,如:5 percent per annum意思是年息五厘。若要说明用途,则在其后加“for„”。
(3)收条开头常以“Received from„”或“Receive of„”引导,相当于汉语中的“今收到”、“收到”,再写明收到的具体内容。 3.牢记并恰当运用固定表达
I,O,U„
Borrowed from„for„
Received of/from„
三、范文分析 Sample 1
Feb.2, 2000 To Mr John,
IOU three thousand yuan only(RMB),to be paid within three months from this date with interest at sIX per cent per annum.
Liu Li [分析]这是一张定期偿还的借款条据,其格式正确,内容简单明了。它用了我们写借据时常用的"IOU„”开头来说明借了3000元整,括号中的RMB指明了币种。接着写了归还的日期和利息(six percent per annum年息6厘)。 Sample 2
May 8,2000 Borrowed from professor kerry an English-Chinese Dictionary.
Lucy [分析]借物字据较借款字据简单,不必写抬头,只须写明借何人何物即可。 Sample 3
April 11,1999 25
Received from the English Department the sum of eight hundred US dollars(US $800),being my salary for the month of April,1999.
K.Grace [分析] 收据格式与借据相同,但省略抬头,范文中的"Received from the English Deparunent the sum of eight hundred US dollars(US $800)”清楚地告诉我们:收到英语系共800美元。在写款额时比较谨慎,不仅写明了“eight hundred US dollars”,又在括号里标明了,这样很难被涂改。接下来的“being my salary for the month of April,1999"指出了钱的用途,如不需说明也可省略。
四、练习
①写一张借条,内容为Li Bin欠Mrs.smith 5000美元,将在立字据起两年内偿还,年息为3厘。
②Peter John于2000年9月1日收到李平缴纳的住宿费600元人民币,请以此写一张收条。
③Lily于1999年3月4日收到高等教育出版社《实用业务英语》100本,以此写一张收条。 [参考答案①]
Oct.10,2000 To Mrs Smith,
I.O.U five thousand US dollars(US $5000)to be paid within two years from this date with interest at three per cent per annum.
Li Bin [参考答案②]
Sep.1,2000 Received from Mr.Li Ping six hundred Yuan (RMB) for accommodation fee.
PeterJohn [参考答案③]
March 4,1999 Received from the Highter Education Press one hundred copies of Practical Professional,English.
Lily
26
证明(Certificate)
一、题型分析
证明或证书涉及面较广,凡是证明一个人的身份、经历或某件事情真相的信或文件,都叫做证明或证书。如证明一个人出生、死亡以及学历等内容。
证明的书写格式与普通书信格式基本相同,要注意其措词和内容。此外,还要注意证明的权威性。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式
前文提到过,证明的格式与一般书信格式大致相同,只是在称呼(thesalutation)位置上一般写上“To whom it may concem,(i)”,而不须写收信人姓名、地址和结束语。通常在信笺的上方先注明Certificate(证书)字样,然而写将要证明的内容,最后在右下方署上自己的名字或单位名称。 2.写清证明内容
无论是证明还是证书,都要求在正文(the body)开头就写上证明内容。一般采用的句型是:
This is to certify that„(兹证明„„) 3.证明或证书应该是权威的
证明中应体现写信人作为一个专家的专业地位、职业或者体现所代表机构的权威性。
三、范文分析
October 7,2000 TO whom it may concern,
This is to certify that Miss Liu Ning has been employed in our company as a typist for the past five years and has been working to oyr complete satisfaction.She has faithfully attended to her duties and has proved herself to be industrious and thoroughly reliable.Now she is leaving as we have no further need of her service.Any inquiries regarding her will be answered.
Yours faithfully
Shao Qiang Director of the office [分析]上面是一位办公室主任邵强给刘宁小姐写的一封证明,刘宁小姐由于公司不再需要打字员而离职。这封信简短,但包括了证明信的基本要素:写信日期(October 7,2000)、称呼(To whom it may concern)、证明的正文(This is to certify that„)、结束语(yours faithfully) 27 和署名(Shao Qiang),署名中列出写信人的职位(Director of the Office),表明了这封信的权威性。
信中还提到刘宁小姐的具体工作表现:“She has faidfully attended to her duties and has proved herself to be industrious and thoroughly reliable”,语言规范、正式,措词严谨。此外,还说明了我们是怎样受益于她的工作的(„her work has been to our complete satisfaction)。
四、练习
以北京大学校长的身份写一封证明信,证明学生林涛在本校英语系研修英国语言、文学和文化课程。 [参考答案]
Peking University November 12,1998 To whom it may concern,
This is to certify that Mr.Lin Tao has attended a courne in English Language,Literature and Culture from September l995 to July l996 in the Faculty of English.
Wang Gang
President of the University
推销信(A Letter of Sales Promotion)
一、题型分析
该题型要求考生正确掌握推销信的写作格式,简单、清晰地描写所推销产品的特色。语言要生动有力,重点突出,以达到鼓动顾客购买该产品的目的。如果考生对某一产品的特色了解不够,那么特色描写就成为推销信写作之中的拦路虎,因此失分就会比较多。
二、应试技巧 1.正确运用格式
推销信由写信人的地址和写信时间、收信人的姓名和地址、称呼、正文、结束语和署名六大部分组成。如果面对某个地方的所有顾客或不知顾客的姓名,可以省略第二部分即收信人的姓名和地址。 2.正文写作应注意的技巧
(1)使用有说服力的词语如:advantage,confidence,economical,effective,fair,free,lowest cost,new,money-making,powerful,good quality,successful,valuable等等,为推销信增色。
28
(2)使用刺激视觉的手段,包括大写、斜体字、黑体字、引号、下划线、破折号、着重号、表格等吸引顾客的注意力。
(3)特色描述不可面面俱到,只能突出重点,否则难以给顾客留下深刻的印象。
(4)使用富有趣味的开头语句,如一句不寻常的评论、一个故事、名人名言等。
(5)结尾时明确示意顾客立即行动起来。别忘了给顾客提供自己的联系地址和联系办法。 3.常见的推销语句
(1)Here is an indispensable invention for anyone who„
I wonder if you have ever had an experience like this one——This may be your last chance to„
(2)So do the right thing for yourself——mail the card today.
Send no money,simply mail the card.
Our supply is limited.Act now! We will be happy to assist you.please give us a call.
Send no money.If not satisfied,don’t pay.
三、范文分析
Federal Drug Administration 532 Overbrook Road Michigan 48013 January 4,1999 No.111,Madison Avenue New York,NY100017 Dear Madame,
If you have a weight problem,do not despair.The Federal Drug Administration has approved the weight-loss medication“Ionamin”,which is effective and doesn’t have the harmful effects of other medications.
But this is only part of our complete procedure that promises proper weight loss.We perform a medical examination,including heart-rhythm test,blood tests and basic medical history.
From this we can prescribe the proper medication——if needed——diet,and exercise.Each person is different,and you will be treated as an individual.
Weight loss can be promised,but keeping your weight at its proper level can be achieved only with your cooperation and persistence.
29
Call me at 000—0000 for a free consultation.We can help you maintain your desired weight.
Sincerely
Federal Drug Administration
Atwood
Sales Manager [分析] 以上是美国联邦药物经营公司销售部经理Atwood给纽约市麦迪逊大卫110号的一位女士写的一封推销减肥药的信。其组成部分为写信人的地址(Federal Drug Administration,532 Overbrook Road,Michigan 48013)和写信时间(January 4,1999)、收信人的地址(No.111,Madison Avenue,其姓名因不知道而省略)、称呼(Dear Madame)、正文、结束语(Sincerely)和署名(Atwood),这里为了增加可信度,附有推销人的工作单位及职务(Federal Drug Administration,sales manager)。
正文部分使用了有说服力的词如effective,promises,free,desired等;引号、破折号等视觉刺激手法;重点描述“Ionamin”药品的减肥优势(effective and doesn’t have the harmful effects of other medications),最后留下了一个免费咨询的电话号码000—O000。
四、练习
请以上海贸易有限公司销售部经理王强的名义,写一封推销“大鹏”牌(“ROC")卷笔刀的信。字数不得少于80个。 [参考答案]
Shanghai Trading Co.Ltd.
NO.10,Jinhua Road
Shanghai 200031
May 10,2001 No.12 Zhongshan Road Changsha 410008 Dear Sir or Madame,
We have a point to make——Our“ROC”sharpeners do more than just put a point on your pencil.It will sharpen your pencil down to the last stub without harming the lead core.
Famed for 40 years for quality and low cost,“ROC”pencil sharpeners are sold around the world.
If you have a“ROC”,you have a fine aid to writing,but also have a decorative piece for your desk——or a toy for your child.
30
We will be happy to assist you.Please call at 021-543703207 for a free consultation.
Yours truly
Shanghai Trading Co.Ltd.
Wang Qiang
Sales Manager
简历(Resume)
一、题型分析
简历是一个人的工作经历、教育和兴趣爱好的总结。
简历其实是一种广告,为了使雇主安排自己参加面试,简历应该写得整洁、具体、准确。
二、应试技巧
(1) 格式可以多样化。甚至可以以图表的形式出现。但总的原则是简洁明了.一目 了然。
(2)简历可以因个人情况不同而有差异,但大致应该包括以下几个方面的内容。
①个人资料(Personal Information)。包括简历人的姓名、性别、详细地址、邮编、电子邮件地址甚至国籍等。
②受教育情况(Education)乙列出就读的每所学校的名称和地址,学习的起止年月,尤其要突出与目前求职的工作紧密相关的课程。
③个人经历(Experience)。列出所有曾从事的工作,包括专职和兼职工作,乃至假期临时性的工作。从事每项工作的时间、雇主、职衔以及职责都应一一按顺序陈列清楚。
④附件(References),包括权威人士的证明信,或推荐信,或者说明附件备索。
三、范文分析
Resume Wang Mingda 1200 Sichuan Road,Chengdu Sichuan 610000 The People’s Republic of China Job objective:a position as a computer programmer Experience:Programming ——Skilled in computer programming.
Analysis——Developed skill in analyzing flow charts,programs,and systems
procedures.
31 Organization——Highly organized with demonstrated leadership skill in coordinating
and motivating team members.
Human Relations——Able to work well with people,work hard and make significant
contributions to an organization Education:Bachelor of science,Chongqing University,1994. Minor:Computer Science Work History:August,1995~August,1996,Engineer,Xinglong Electronics,Inc.Chongqing September,1994~July,1995,technician,Dongfang Computer Company,Chengdu Foreign Language:Studied English throughout the undergraduate years;Excellent reading
ability,good at translation and good spoken English Personal Data: Date of Birth:March 20,1971 Place of Birth:Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China Marital Status:Single
Health:Excellent Interests:Sports,theatre,reading Reference:Available upon request [分析] 这是四川成都市王明达的一份个人简历。整个简历虽然没有以表格形式出现,但布置整齐(主要项目实行左对齐)。包括六个方面的主要内容(Personal Information,Experience,Education,Work History,Foreign Language和Reference)。全面、系统地介绍了自己过去学习、工作的情况。在列出个人信息之后,明确列出了求职意向(Job objective)是a position as a computer progrmmner,让雇主一目了然。个人经历又分四项(Programming,Analysis,Organization,Human Relations)详细回顾任职资历,充分地向雇主证明了自己的能力。在教育一项中,突出了自己所获得的学位“Bachelor of Science,1994 Chongqing University”,所主攻的专业是“Computer Science"。然后进一步说明自己并非只具有专业知识,还兼有丰富的工作经验,曾在“Xinglong Electronics,Inc.Chongqing”担任“Engineer"一职,又曾作过"“Technician,Dongfang Computer Company,Chengdu”。最后,以所掌握的ForeignLanguage来证明自己除专业外,外语也学得不错,是一个全面发展的人才。
四、练习
根据以下中文信息写份英文简历。
姓名:约翰·史密斯
国籍:美国
目前所在地址:美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市高街506号
电话:101—818—4575911
传真:010—818—4575912 32
出生日期:1964年4月9号
出生地点:纽约
已婚,生有一女。1970—1978年,在纽约Walshall Elementary School学习,1978~1982年在洛杉矶Lincoln High School学习,1982~1986年在University of California的Law School学习。上大学期间始终学习法语,具有很好的阅读能力,且擅长笔译,并能流利地交谈。从1986-1988年在加利福尼亚大学任助教,1988年至今在该大学任讲师。希望寻求一份律师工作,原因是本人一直渴望作律师,因为这工作不仅有趣,而且有助于提高工作能力,薪金也很诱人。 [参考答案]
Resume Name:John Smith Present Address:506 High Street Los Angeles,California U.S.A.
Tel No:101—818—4575911
Fax No:O1O—818—4575912 Date of Birth: April 9th,1964
Place of Birth: New York Nationality: American
Marital Status:Married,1 daughter Education: 1970~1978;Walshall Elementary School N.Y.
1978~1982:Lincoln High Sch001,Los Angeles 1982~1986:Law School,University of California Foreign Language:I had been studying French for four years at college.Now I have excellent reading ability.I am good at translation and can talk with others in French fluently. Work Experience:1986~1988,Teaching Assistant,University of California 1988~present,Lecturer,University of California Job Objective:a lawyer Reasons:I have been longing to work as a lawyer,because the work is not only interesting but also provides me with more chances to improve my ability.Besides,the salary is very attractive.
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第二篇:中考英语写作复习
中考英语写作复习·请假条
便条可以看作是一种形式简单的书信。常见的英文便条有请假条、留言条和借条等。它们格式简单、用词通俗、开门见山、简明扼要。
请假条和留言条的结构是一样的,即由称呼、正文、签名和日期四个部分组成。
「写作示例」
假如你叫李明,因患重感冒今明两天不能上学。请你参考下面所给词语,给你的外籍英语教师写一张请假条,说明你这两天不能上学的原因。
Not feel well, a bad cold, stay in bed, can‘t go to school for two days, get well soon(杭州市中考题)
「参考答案」
Tuesday
Dear Mr Green,
I‘m sorry to tell you that I’m not feeling well today. This morning I went to see the doctor and he told me that I had caught a bad cold. And he also asked me to stay in bed for two days. So I can‘t go to school today and tomorrow. I hope I’ll get well soon.
Yours, Li Ming
第三篇:小升初英语写作复习
小学六年级对学生的写作水平有了较高的要求。可以采用如下形式进行。
1、 填空式写法小升初英语 > 最新动态
填空式写作是保留文章或对话的主干,适当地调换内容让学生换上其它人、事和物进行填空。其优点是既降低写作难度,
激发学生写作兴趣,又可加深对课文的理解,特别是新旧单词的综合运用;缺点是学生有可能忽视语法、时态问题,在培养学
生创造力方面有欠缺。通常可以在每学完一篇课文或对话后,让学生进行填空写作。
2、仿例写法小升初英语 > 最新动态
学完一个完整的单元,为了帮助学生系统归纳、整理语言知识点,教师根据本单元的教学要点,围绕一个人、一件事或一
个动物写一篇短文,要求学生注意模仿例文的时态和语态仿写。通过仿写训练,能引起学生对英语时态和语态的重视。例如一
般现在时主语是第三人称单数,动词加“s”或“es”,这是学习的难点。我让学生先写一写自己一天的生活,然后调查一个朋
友或亲人一天的生活,模仿例文仿写。通过对比,使学生对同一时态不同人称动词的运用有了更深刻的理解,而不仅仅停留在
记忆的层面上,也可免去老师重重复复的讲解和提醒。
3、 启示式写法小升初英语 > 最新动态
前两种写法的缺点是局限较大,不能发挥学生创造力,习作不能体现学生个性。启示式写法是在学生有了一定习作基础和
语感上,稍高层次的写作训练。师生共同围绕一个话题讨论写作内容,列出写作提纲,然后学生根据提纲自由发挥起草一段话
。例如,师生围绕“zoo animals”这个话题进行讨论,得出可从“外形、能力、生活习性,来源国”等几方面进行描述。学生
自由发挥,写出颇具个人特色小文章。此法的优点是既可体现学生个性,也避免学生跑题等现象的发生。
4、 命题式写法小升初英语 > 最新动态
此写法给予学生更大创意空间,难度也更大。教师只给予题目或主题,学生通过启动自身知识体系的搜索引擎,自主地搜
集相关资料进行写作。例如写“Seasons in Zhuzhou”,学生仔细浏览我设计的相关网页,选取某一个季节中一两个感兴趣的主
题来表述,如“气候、衣着、食物和活动”等等。选题要与学生生活密切相关,并能激起他们写作的欲望;切忌主题过大,会
让学生无所适从或无从下手
第四篇:201212 网络大学英语写作复习资料
201212大学英语B统考—— 写作(共九类) 一类:我的某某人,如老师,妈妈,同学,朋友等。 题目:My English Teacher(我的英语老师) / My Teacher in High School(我的高中老师) / My Teacher(我的老师) / A (Good) Teacher to Remember(一位难忘的老师) / My Favorite Teacher(我最喜爱的老师)
My English teacher is Miss Wang. She is a beautiful lady. She has a round face and bright eyes. She is always smiling.
Miss Wang is a good teacher. She works very hard. Every day she comes to school very early and is always the last one to leave. She speaks very good English and she teaches well. She also tells us what are the right things to do. She is a motherly teacher. She treats us as her own children and takes good care of us. She is so kind that everyone loves her.
This is Miss Wang, my favorite teacher. I feel so lucky to have her as my teacher. I hope that someday I can be a teacher just like her.
王老师是我的英语老师。她很漂亮。她长着一张圆脸和一对明亮的眼睛。她总是在微笑着。
王老师是一位好老师。她工作非常努力。每天她都很早到学校,总是最后一个离开。她英语说得很棒,教得也很好。而且她还教我们如何明辨是非。她是慈母般的老师。她把我们当作自己的孩子一样看待,细心照顾我们。她人很好,大家都喜欢她。
这就是王老师,我最喜爱的老师。我为有她这样的老师而感到幸运。我希望有朝一日我也能成为像她这样的老师。
题目:My Best Friend(我最好的朋友) / My Close Friend(我的好朋友) / My Best Schoolmate(我最好的同学) / My Classmates(我的同学们) / My Best Workmate(我最好的同事)
Li Xia is my best friend. She is an English teacher. She is a beautiful lady. She has a round face and bright eyes. She is always smiling.
Li Xia is a good teacher. She works very hard. Every day she comes to school very early and is always the last one to leave. She speaks very good English and she teaches well. She also tells her students what are the right things to do. She is a motherly teacher. She treats her students as her own children and takes good care of them. She is so kind that everyone loves her.
This is Li Xia, my best friend. I feel so lucky to have her as my best friend. I hope that we will be best friends forever.
李霞是我最好的朋友。她是一位英语老师。她很漂亮。她长着一张圆脸和一对明亮的眼睛。她总是在微笑着。
李霞是一位好老师。她工作非常努力。每天她都很早到学校,总是最后一个离开。她英语说得很棒,教得也很好。而且她还教她的学生如何明辨是非。她是慈母般的老师。她把她的学生当作自己的孩子一样看待,细心照顾他们。她人很好,大家都喜欢她。
这就是李霞,我最好的朋友。我为有她这样的好朋友而感到幸运。我希望我们永远都是最好的朋友。
题目:My Mother(我的母亲) / The One I Love Most(我最爱的人) / My Family(我的家庭) / The Man I Love Most in My Life(生命中我最爱的人) / My Father(我的父亲) / My Beloved Grandparents(我挚爱的祖父母)
My mother is an English teacher. She is a beautiful lady. She has a round face and bright eyes. She is always smiling.
My mother is a good teacher. She works very hard. Every day she comes to school very early and is always the last one to leave. She speaks very good English and she teaches well. She also tells herstudents what are the right things to do. She is a motherly teacher. She treats her students as her own children and takes good care of them. She is so kind that everyone loves her.
This is my mother. I feel so lucky to have her as my mother and I love her. I hope that someday I can be a teacher just like her.
我的母亲是一位英语老师。她很漂亮。她长着一张圆脸和一对明亮的眼睛。她总是在微笑着。
我的母亲是一位好老师。她工作非常努力。每天她都很早到学校,总是最后一个离开。她英语说得很棒,教得也很好。而且她还教她的学生如何明辨是非。她是慈母般的老师。她把她的学生当作自己的孩子一样看待,细心照顾他们。她人很好,大家都喜欢她。
这就是我的母亲。我为有她这样的母亲而感到幸运,我爱她。我希望有朝一日我也能成为像她这样的老师。
二类:计划类,如国庆计划安排,新年安排,假期
安排等。
My Plan for the National Day Holiday(我的国庆假期
计划)
The National Day Holiday is coming. It is a very important festival in China. Everybody has his or her plan for the National Day Holiday. I have a plan, too. My plan is as follows:
First, I’ll take a good rest, as I’m always busy with my work. Second, I want to stay with my parents. I’m not usually together with them. Third, I want to meet some of my friends and relatives, as these days we don’t see each other often. Fourth, I want to give my room a good cleaning. Finally, I will study English for the coming examination.
This is my plan for the coming National Day Holiday
国庆假期要到了。这在中国是一个非常重要的节日。每个人对于国庆节都有自己的计划。我也有一个计划。我的计划如下:
首先,我要好好休息一下,因为我平时工作很忙。第二,我想陪陪父母,我并不是经常与他们在一起。第三,我想见见一些亲戚朋友,因为我们现在不怎么有机会见面。第四,我想好好打扫一下房间。最后,我想为即将到来的考试学习下英语。
这就是我对即将到来的国庆假期的计划。 以上范文可套用的题目:The Chinese New Year(中国新年) / My Plan for the Spring Festival(我的春节计划) / My Plan for Summer Vacation(我的暑假计划)/My travel plan(我的旅行计划)
三类:学习类
题目:Why I Study English? (我为什么学习英语?) / Why Do Students Like Learning English?(为什么学生喜欢学习英语?) / Why I Like Learning English?(为什么我喜欢学英语?)
English is an international language. It is very useful. I like English very much. And this is how I study English.
First, I remember 30 English words every day. Second, I go over the grammar points regularly. Third, I read articles in English newspaper and I read simple novels in English. Fourth, I listen to English radio programs and watch English TV programs. Finally, I listen to English music and watch English movies.
This is how I study English. As a result, I’m more and more interested in English and my English has improved greatly. Practice makes perfect. If I keep practicing, I believe that my English will be better and better.
英语是一门国际性语言。它非常有用。我非常喜欢英语。我就是这样学习英语的。
首先,我每天背30个英文单词。第二,我定期复习语法要点。第三,我阅读英文报纸的文章以及简单的英文小说。第四,我听英语的广播节目,看英语的电视节目。最后,我听英文音乐,看英文电影。
我就是这样学习英语的。结果,我现在对英语更感兴趣了,英语也有了很大的进步。熟能生巧。如果我继续不断练习的话,我的英语将会变得越来越棒。
以上范文可套用的题目:Self-study(自学)/How to Achieve Success of Distance Learning?(如何在远程学习中获得成功)/(My)School Life(我的学校生活)/My First Year in College(大学生活的第一年)/My Study Plan(我的学习计划)/How to Learn English Well?(如何学好英语?)/My English Study(我的英语学习)/How to Overcome Difficulties in My English Studies?(如何克服英语学习中的困难?)/ Never Give Up(永远不要放弃)/My Study Plan(我的学习计划)/ My Dream(我的理想)/ My Hobbies(我的爱好)/Why I Like Learning English为何我喜欢英语
四类:优点和缺点
Television / About Television (电视)
TV plays the vital role in our life. TV can be seen everywhere in our daily life. Almost each family has one TV set. However, there is a good side and a bad side to everything, and TV is no exception.
TV has its advantages. TV is very important to help me to get information and knowledge. Various TV programs make me get to know the world and help me with my studies.
However, TV also has its disadvantages. Watching too much TV program can waste a lot of time. Some programs are boring and useless, and they can bring us bad information.
So, every coin has two sides, we should choose the right one.
电视在我们生活中扮演重要角色。电视在我们生活中随处可见。每个家庭都有电视。然而每件事都有他的两面性,电视也不例外。
电视有它的有点。电视能帮助我获得信息。丰富的电视节目让我不断的了解世界帮助我学习。
但是,电视也有缺点。看太多电视浪费时间。有些节目无聊没用,并且会给我们带来坏的信息。
总之,一个硬币有它的两面,我们要选择好的那面。
以上范文可套用的题目: The Computer(电脑)/The Digital Products(数码产品)/ About Internet(论网络)/My Favorite TV Program(我最爱的电视节目)/ On Money(关于金钱) / Money Is Not Everything(金钱不是万能的)/ Can Money Buy Happiness?(钱能带来快乐吗?)/Private Cars in China(中国私家车)/Buy A Car Or Not?(买不买车?)/ On Private Cars(关于私家车)/ Advantages And Disadvantages of the Mobile Phone(手机的利与弊)/ My Opinion on Cell Phones(我对于手机的看法)/On TV Ads(关于电视广告)/ My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements(广告的负面影响)
五类:运动类
题目:Do Physical Exercise(锻炼身体) / About Physical Exercise(体育锻炼)/ The Sport Activities I Like Best(我最喜欢的体育活动)/ Sports(运动)
Everyone hopes to live happily in the world. There is a famous saying: life lies on exercise. So exercise can help you live longer and more healthily.
First, exercise is good for us to build our bodies. It makes the heart beat faster and make us stranger. Sports can also make us eat more than usual which contributes to our bodies.
Second, exercise can make us happy. Some sport like basketball is interesting. So playing basketball can bring us into happiness.
Third, exercise can help us get rid of our bad habits. We will not be lazy after a period of exercise.In a word, exercise is important, helpful and absolutely necessary.
每个人都想在这个世界上获得快乐。俗话说生命在于运动。运动可以让你的生命延续,活得更快乐。
首先,运动能强健体魄。它能使心脏跳动加快,让我们更加强壮。
第二,运动能让我们快乐。有些运动,比如篮球,很有意思。所以打篮球能给我们带来快乐。
第三,运动能帮助我们改掉坏习惯。经过一段时间的运动之后,我们就不再懒惰。
总之,运动很重要,很有用,也绝对有必要。 以上范文可套用的题目:Health And Wealth(健康与财富), My Favorite Sport(我最喜爱的运动), My Favorite Form of Entertainment(我最喜欢的娱乐形式), My Favorite Hobby(我最喜欢的爱好), Ways to Keep Fit(保持健康的方法), How to Keep Healthy(如何保持健康), Health And Eating Habits(健康与饮食习惯), My Hobbies(我的爱好), My Interests(我的兴趣), How I Spend My Spare Time(我如何度过闲暇时光), My Favorite Hobby(我最喜欢的爱好), My Hobby(我的爱好), My Activities in Leisure Time(我的闲暇生活), My Favorite Food(我最喜欢的食物), My Favorite TV Program(我最喜欢的电视节目), My Ideal Job(我理想的工作), The Job I Like(我喜欢的工作), My Favorite Book(我最喜欢的书籍), The Book I Like Best(我最喜欢的书籍), My Favorite Means of Getting Information(我最喜欢的获得信息的方式), The Sports Activities I Like Best(我最爱的体育运动)
六类:远程教育学习
题目:My Expectation of the Long-Distance Education(对远程教育的期望)
Now, I am a student of Shanghai Distance Education College. In other words, I am a distance learner. I have a lot of expectations on my distance education. First, I want to improve my spoken English. I work in a foreign invested company. My boss is a foreigner. I need to talk with him in English every day. So I would like to improve my spoken English very much. Second, I hope to improve my English writing ability. I need to receive and answer emails in English every day, but I don’t know many English words.
These above are my expectations of the long-distance education.
现在,我是一名上海网络教育学院的学生。换言之,我是一名远程学习者。对于远程教育,我有许多期待。第一,我希望可以提高我的英语口语。我在外企上班。老板是外国人。我每天都需要用英语和他交流。所以,我非常想要提高英语口语。第二,我希望提高英语写作能力。每天我都需要收发英文邮件,我的词汇量不大。
以上这些就是我对远程教育的期望。
以上范文可套用的题目:How to Achieve Success of Distance Learning(如何在远程学习中获得成功), The Course I Hate Most of The Long-Distance Education(我最讨厌的远程教育课程), Difficulty in Studying English(英语学习的困难), My Favorite Course(我最喜欢的课程), The Course I Like Best of THE Long-Distance Education(我最喜欢的远程教育课程)
七类:书信类
题目:A letter to friend
信件要求:1. 介绍你的近况。2. 请他帮你买英语口语书。3. 欢迎他方便时来访。
May 1st, 2011
Dear Tom,
Haven’t heard from you for some time! How are you doing? Everything is fine with me except that the final examination is getting nearer and nearer andI’m busy preparing for it.
I’ve got some problems in my English study, especially in spoken English. My teacher recommended me a book. The book is called Advanced Spoken English. But it is not sold here in my town. Since you are in Beijing, could you buy one for me? I’d be very grateful if you could help me.
We haven’t seen each other since last time we met. I hope that you will visit my hometown again sometime if possible. So much has changed that you could barely recognize it! And it would be great to be together with you once again.
Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Best wishes!
Yours, Alice
2011年5月1日
亲爱的汤姆:
很久没收到你的来信了。最近好记吗?我一切都挺好,只是期末考试越来越近,我现在忙着复习。
我的英语学习有些问题,特别是口语方面。我的老师给我推荐了一本书。书名叫《高级英语口语》。但是我们镇里没有卖。既然你在北京,不知道我能不能麻烦你帮我买一本呢?如果你能帮我这个忙的话,我将不胜感激。
自从上次碰面之后,我们就再也没见过面了。如果可能的话,希望你有时间再到我家乡来看看。这里变化很大,你肯定都认不出来了。如果能再次和你见面,那就真的太好了!
期待你的来信。祝好!此致爱丽丝
以上范文可以套用的信件写作题:
1. 选择一个你想旅游的地点,并安排旅行计划,
你应包括下列内容:1. 说明你想旅游的地点2. 说明你为什么选择这个地点3. 描述你的旅游计划
2. 假如你是李明,你遗失了一本书。你应包括下
列内容:1. 书在哪里遗失的;2. 这本书对你很重要;3. 拾到者该如何联系你
3. 你的一位外国朋友给你来信,打算到中国旅
游。你给他回信,提出旅游建议。你的回信应包括下列内容:1. 接到朋友的来信;2. 你对旅游的安排计划及理由;3. 表达你希望见到朋友的心愿
4. 写一封信,要求:1. 告诉对方你要从大学毕
业;2. 询问对方的近况;3. 问问能否在暑假聚会
5. 写一封信,要求:1. 了解对方近日的情况;
2. 介绍你的近况;3. 邀请对方方便时来访 6. 写一封信,要求:1. 了解对方近日的情况;
2. 通知他(她):元旦有一个同学聚会。3. 邀请对方参加
7. 写一封信,要求:1. 了解对方近日的学习情
况;2. 介绍你的学习近平况;3. 请对方说说提高英语水平的经验
8. 写一封信,要求:1. 介绍你的近况;2. 请他
帮你买英语口语书;3. 欢迎他方便时来访
八类:最喜欢的某某某
此类套用一篇范文,范文如下:
My Favorite Book我最喜欢的一本书
My favorite book is My Childhood. The reasons are as follows.
Firstly, it brings me happiness. It always cheers me up when I am in a bad mood.
Secondly, I learn a lot from it. It contains a lot of information about life and the world. It teaches me many new things.
Thirdly, it makes me stronger. It helps me find confidence in myself. With confidence I overcome all the difficulties I meet.
Fourthly, it helps me realize my self-worth. It enables me to find my place in life. I learn how to set a goal, work continuously towards the goal and embrace the future.
To sum up, I like My Childhood best. 我最喜欢的书是《童年》。原因如下:
首先,它给我带来快乐。在我不开心时,它总能给我鼓励。
第二,我从中学到很多知识。它讲述了很多人生和世事的哲理,教会了我很懂新知识。
第三,它让我强大。它让我找到了自信。拥有了自信,我克服了种种困难。
第四,它让我认识到自身的价值。它帮我找到了人生的位置。我学会了如何制定目标,不断努力,拥抱未来。
中而言之,我最喜欢《童年》。 以上范文可套用的题目:My Favorite Food(我最喜欢的食物)/My Favorite Means of Transportation(我最喜欢的交通方式)/My Favorite Season(我最喜欢的季节)/My Favorite TV Show(我最喜欢的电视节目)/My Favorite Way to Get Information(我最喜爱的获得信息的方式)/My Favorite Job(我最爱的工作)/My Favorite Long-distance Education Course(我最喜爱的远程教育课程)/My Favorite Sport(我最喜欢的体育运动)
九类:看法类
此类套用一篇范文,范文如下:
Plant More Trees 种更多的树
April is the best time for green. Everything turns back to life in the warm weather and is enjoying the energy of a new life. Trees are more and more important to the earth. Planting trees is the basic thing to provide a green and healthy environment. Trees, as they are green in color, can make a city or place look more beautiful. It is also valuable in avoiding noises, sandstorms and deserts. It can bring us back a beautiful earth. So, everyone, if you want to make the air clean, please try your best to protect the environment and plant more trees.
四月是万物葱葱的最好时节。在温暖的气候里万物重回生机,开始获得重生的能量。首先,树木对地球越来越重要。植树是一种最基本的提供绿色健康生活环境的办法。其次,因为他们的颜色是绿色的,能让城市或环境看起来更漂亮。同时,树林在避免噪音、沙尘、沙漠方面也大有益处。总之,这些都能带给我们一个美丽的地球。因此,如果大家都想让环境变得清新,请尽最大努力来保护环境,种更多的树。
第五篇:基础写作考试复习
一、名词解释(20分 5题)
解说词:是对展览、图片、实物、影视、名胜古迹、历史文物进行解释和说明的一种文体。通过平实准确的叙述、生动形象的描绘或入情入理的渲染,来感染观众,使其对解说对象有一个清晰而深刻的认识,以收到良好的宣传、教育和介绍的效果。
应用文:人们在日常工作、学习和生活中处理公私事务的具有某些惯用格式的文书。
通报:一般用于具有普遍意义的典型事例、成功的经验和失败的教训,借以对人们起到示范、教育和警戒作用,同时还有沟通消息、互通情报的作 用。 通报种类:表彰通报、批评通报、情况通报
④决定:适用于对重要事项或重大行动作出安排,奖惩有关单位及人员,变更或撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。
⑤消息:是以最直接、最简练的方式报道新近发生或发现的具有一定的社会意义的事实的一种新闻文体,是最经常、最大量运用的报道体裁。
⑥类比论证:是根据两个对象在某些属性上的相同或相似,推论两者在其他属性上也有相同或相似的属性;类比论证是一种从特殊到特殊、从个别到个别的推理方式。达尔文:生物进化论
⑦行政公文:又叫公务文书、公务文件,简称公文。它是指党政机关、企事业单位、社会团体在进行公务活动时所使用的格式规范、具有法定效力的应用文书。即国家行政机关的公文。公文有广义和狭义之分。
二、简答题(18分 2题)
1、解说词的特点
(一)指要性指在说明具体事物时,要抓住事物的重点和要点进行讲解,让观众对解说对象的本质特征有深刻的印象。
1、掌握解说对象,抓住本质特征;充分透彻了解解说对象。例:解说人物
2、弄清解说目的,做到有的放矢;面对的是哪一类的观众,要让观众了解哪方面的内容等。例:《晋商》第十四集的解说词“百年乔家”与乔家大院导游解说词 著名晋商祁县乔致庸的事
3、了解观众需要,解说深入人心。例:旅游观光者
(二)拓展性拓展性指对客观事物进行解说时,增加或补充一些观众无法从 - 1 -
解说对象直观获取的相关信息。
如历史状况、文化背景、发展趋势、轶闻趣事、心理活动等。
1、知识性拓展;例:央视大型纪录片《丰碑》此时画面为莫斯科郊外的“邓小平
街”
2、情理性拓展
解说词为加深观众的感受,以引起共鸣,常在解说画面的同时,插入一些精辟的
议论或倾注某种感情。
(三)清晰性清晰性主要体现在语言的明确性、条理的明晰性两个方面。
语言明确:用语措辞准确,语言清楚明白。条理明晰:解说时根据事物的内在逻
辑顺序,理清事物之间的关系,按照一定关系来安排解说词的层次结构。
2、应用文主题的特点
(一)主题先行性
1. 应用文总是先产生了具体问题而后产生写作的需求。
2. 执笔者的写作行为往往是被动的,是奉承领导集体的旨意而进行创作。
(二)主题单一性
应用文的主题必须单
一、明确,读者对主题的理解更不允许多元,而要求
理解的同一。有的文章尽管涉及面广,材料较丰富,但文章紧紧围绕一个中心,
内容集中,一题一议,主题单
一、明确。
(三)主题显露性
应用文写作不同于文学创作,要求直截了当地点明主题,表明态度,提出
解决问题的措施和办法,对文章所涉及的各类问题,必须有明确的观点立场,应
该怎么做,解决什么问题,达到什么目的,都要明确地表达出来,使读者能清晰
快速地理解,而无需作无谓的揣摩分析。
3、新闻写作的基本要求:
(一)真:用事实说话
新闻的生命在于真实,这是新闻有别于文学文体的最主要的特征。
一是构成新闻的六要素(何时、何地、何人、何事、何故、如何)应绝对真实。
新闻中所引用的资料、数字、细节、人名、地名必须准确无误。
必须引用原话,可以选择,但不能断章取义。
二是新闻所写的应是能反映事实本质的、有普遍意义的或是具有一定社会效
益的事实,而不是有闻必录。
三是作者对事实的说明或解释不应带上过浓的主观色彩。
(二)新:内容要新鲜
捕捉新鲜生动的新闻事实,是记者的执意追求,但不能单纯猎奇。
例:《猴子牧猪》
(三)快:采写要及时
新闻的“新”在一定程度上反映在快上。西方称新闻只有一天的生命。
4、现实主义小说的主要特点:
(1)遵循“按照生活的本来面目描写生活”的原则。 《人间喜剧》
(2)重视细节描写的准确性、生动性曹雪芹《红楼梦》
(3)力求塑造典型环境中的典型人物鲁迅《阿Q正传》
特点:
(1)写人物的内心(2)非英雄主义(3)形式上的颠覆
例:扑克牌小说 例:王蒙《组接》:分成头部、腰部、足部、尾部
5、微型小说特点:
体制短小,情节单一,人物刻画单纯,环境描写简明,语言简洁含蓄,是一种
单一中求精美,单纯中见丰富的小说艺术。
情节:情节单一,但要使读者获得一个完整的审美过程,要表现深刻的内涵。
微型小说应通过矛盾错位,来涵括生活的内容和小说的题旨,形成小说的审美价
值。例:《“书法家”》例:于德北《杭州路十号》“杭州路十号袁小雪”
欧·亨利是现代微型小说的创始人 。
近代微型小说必须具备三要素:“立意新颖,情节严谨,结局新奇” ——欧·亨利
“情节小说”追求“出其不意”的效果,这类小说,往往适宜于揭示和反映社会
生活中的某些问题。
语言:简洁、含蓄。微型小说往往直接入题,多用白描。例:大卫·柯鲁克《人
质》往往喜欢用双关、象征、侧面描写,让读者去体会话外之音、“境外之境”。
三、分析题(12分 1题)诗词特点的分析,结合作品
1、以诗歌的表现内容和表达方式划分:抒情诗、叙事诗、哲理诗。
1)抒情诗是抒发诗人的主观感情、情绪为主要内容的诗体。
其抒情往往借助人、事、景、物的抒写,创造出优美动人的形象和意境。
(2)叙事诗是以叙述者的口吻来刻画人物、叙述事件的诗体。
在简练概括的叙事过程中,饱含激情﹑想象把叙事和抒情结合起来。
(3)哲理诗
哲理诗重在哲理的揭示,诗人往往通过形象的比拟来开掘生活中的道理与规律
诗歌的审美特征:
(一)集中概括的精练美;
(二)真挚浓郁的抒情性;直抒胸臆
以物传情
(三)大胆神奇的想象
四、公文写作(15分 1题)
注意事项:
1、通告的适用范围及特点
通告适用于公布社会各有关方面应当遵守或者周知的事项。
通告主要有四个特点:
1.内容具体,业务性强。通告内容的重要程度一般比不上公告,而且多是
业务工作方面的。
2.有限制的行文对象。通告的告知范围比公告小得多,为社会各有关方面。
3.广泛的发文机关。通告的内容是一般事项,所以发文单位比较广泛。党
政机关、企业事业单位、人民团体都可发布通告。
4.发布方式。一般来说,公文是用文本形式印发的,通告,除可用文本形
式印发外,还可张贴或登报。
二、通告写作的基本格式
关于首届“桃李杯”马拉松赛期间实行交通管制的通告
首届“桃李杯”马拉松赛将于××××年9月15日上午8时至下午1时在我
市举行。为保证赛事的顺利进行,决定在比赛期间对环城路、江滨路、诗书南路、教育北
路和桃园中路实行交通管制,除警备车、救护车、消防车和工程保险车外,其他机动车辆
一律禁止通行。
特此通告。
××市公安局××××年×月××日
2、决定的结构和写法
(一)标题由三部分组成:制发机关、事由、文种。
(二)正文一般由三部分组成:决定缘由、决定事项、结语。不同类型的决定,
其正文结构和写法有所不同。
奖惩性决定实际上分为2种:
1.表彰决定;2.惩戒决定。
表彰决定的正文,主要写5个方面:
1.被表彰者的身份2.事迹
3.对被表彰者或事迹的评价
4.决定的事项5.希望与号召
惩戒决定的正文,主要写个5个方面:
1.说明人和事的错误事实
2.分析其性质、根源、责任及后果
3.交代被处理人对所犯错误有无认识和悔改表现
4.写处理决定
5.最后指出教训、提出希望
奖惩性决定的正文内容比较多,写作时要注意逻辑排列,且避免内容的遗漏。
关于对张三同学处分的决定
张三同学系我校秘书系秘书专业×级的学生。张三同学入学以来,学习不认真,
经常旷课,多次打架斗殴。今年12月5日,张喝醉酒回宿舍开门时,被同宿舍黄四同学不
小心撞了一下,张即大打出手,将黄打成重伤。经批评教育,张三认识态度依然如故。根
据《××大学学藉管理规定》和《××大学学生违纪处分规定》,经学校研究决定,给予张
三同学记大过处分。
希望广大同学引以为戒,遵守学院的各项规章制度,努力学习,提高个人修养,
做一个文明大学生。
×× 大 学
××××年十二月十日
五、小作文(不少于300字,35分)